★专题0：py语法精讲：异常处理

了解Python中内置的异常类型

错误和异常：
错误：语法错误&逻辑错误
异常：在语法上是正确的，但尝试执行时，仍然可能会引发错误
-异常不一定会导致严重的后果
-如果不捕获和处理异常，程序不会对其进行处理，此时会显示异常信息
常见的内置异常：
NmaeError:尝试访问一个没有声明的变量
ZeroDivisionError:除数（分母）为0
IndexError:索引超出序列范围
KeyError:请求一个不存在的字典的键
IOError：输入/输出错误
AttributeError:尝试方位一个未知的对象属性
异常处理：

while True:
    try:
        x = int(input('input an int:'))
        r = 10 / x
        print(r)
    except:
        print('you shoud not put zero.')
        break
    

多个异常

while True:
    try:
        x = int(input('input an int:'))
        r = 10 / x
        print(r)
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        print('you shoud not put zero.')
        break
    except SyntaxError:
        print('input a number.')

两个异常合并

while True:
    try:
        x = int(input('input an int:'))
        r = 10 / x
        print(r)
    except (ZeroDivisionError,SyntaxError) as e:
        print(e)
        break

没有异常执行else

>>> try:
...     print('hello')
... except ValueError:
...     print('exception')
... else:
...     print('try,else')
...
hello
try,else

>>> try:
...     1/0
... except ZeroDivisionError as e:
...     print(e)
...
division by zero

增加finally，执行expect中break之前先执行了finally

while True:
    try:
        x = int(input('input an int:'))
        r = 10 / x
        print(r)
    except ZeroDivisionError as e:
        print(e)
        break
    finally:
      print('goodbye')
      break

抛出异常：raise，允许强制发生指定的异常

>>> try:
...     raise NameError('python')
... except NameError:
...     print('exception')
...     raise  
...
exception
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
NameError: python

注意上面的rasie强制抛出

断言
assert语句，发起条件判断

>>> x = -2
>>> assert x<0
>>> assert x >0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError

掌握捕获异常的语句

while True:
    try:
        age = int(input('How old are you?'))
        assert age > 0
        if age > 150:
            raise ValueError('Are you a god?')
        elif (age <=150) and (age > 80):
            print('Wish you good health.')
        elif (age < 60) and (age > 30):
            print('Work hard')
        else:
            print('I envy you.')
    except (ValueError,AssertionError):
        print('find your glasses.')
        break