再探Objective-C.6

 

本章总结内容有: 内存管理,MRC与ARC

 

•          内存管理

•                                      栈

•                                                     内存由系统管理

•                                                     局部变量保存在栈中

•                                                     当变量离开了其所在的代码块就会被回收

•                                      堆

•                                                     需要程序员自己管理

•                                                     OC中的对象保存在堆中

•                                                     内存管理不当造成的两个问题

•                                                                   内存泄露

•                                                                                 不在需要的对象没有释放，导致内存泄露，内存泄露会导致应用闪退

•                                                                   野指针

•                                                                                 正在使用的对象被释放了，导致野指针，访问野指针导致程序崩溃

1.MRC 手动内存管理

•                                                                   引用计数

•                                                                                 每一个对象上都有一个引用计数器

•                                                                                 当对象出生的时候引用计数器为1

•                                                                                 当调用对象的 retain方法时候计数器+1

•                                                                                 当给对象发送一条release消息的时候，计数器-1

•                                                                                 当一个对象的引用计数为0的时候，这个对象立即被回收

•                                                                   内存管理原则

•                                                                                 谁给一个对象发送 alloc,copy,retain消息，就必须在适当时候给这个对象发送相应的release或 autorelease消息

•                                                                                 当你需要一个对象的时候就给这个对象的引用器+1，当你不在需要这个对象了，就将该对象引用计数器-1

•                                                                   多个对象内存管理

•                                                                                 setter方法

•                                                                                               当设置新对象的时候需要对新对象做一次retain操作

•                                                                                               当原来的对象不需要了，需要对原来的对象做一次release操作

•                                                                                               如果是同一个对象不需要上面的操作

•                                                                                               QQ游戏的房间

•                                                                                 dealloc方法

•                                                                                               当一个对象即将被销毁的时候会调用这个方法

•                                                                                               它就相当于对象的遗言，在这里释放其成员所占用的内存

•                                                                                               在释放内存之前首先要调用[super dealloc]

•                                                                                 循环引用

•                                                                                               什么是循环引用

                                                                                                                当两个或多个对象间的引用构成一个封闭的环就是循环引用

•                                                                                               导致问题

                                                                                                                环中的所有对象都释放不了

•                                                                                               解决方案

                                                                                                                有一端必须是assign的

•                                                                   @property 的使用

•                                                                                 内存管理

•                                                                                               基本数据类型使用assign

•                                                                                               普通对象一般使用 retain

•                                                                                               NSString 及 block 对象使用copy

•                                                                                               循环引用一端使用assign

•                                                                                 权限控制

•                                                                                               readonly

                                                                                                                只读仅生成getter方法

•                                                                                               readwrite

                                                                                                                读写生成getter方法和setter方法

•                                                                                 线程安全

•                                               atomic

                                                                                                                线程安全的，会给setter方法加锁,访问速度比较慢

•                                               nonatomic

                                                                                                                非线程安全的，不会给setter方法加锁，访问速度快

•                                                                                方法名称定制

•                                                                                              setter

                                                                                                                定制setter方法名称

•                                                                                              getter

                                                                                                                定制getter方法名称

•                                                                  自动释放池

•                                                                                作用

•                                                                                              延迟对象的释放

•                                                                                原理

•                                                                                              自动释放池栈

•                                                                                使用

•                                                                                              当你调用autorelease的时候会该对象放到离最近的自动释放池中

•                                                                                              当执行到自动释放池后面的大括号的时候，自动释放池会出栈，此时会该栈中的会所有对象做一次release操作

•                                                                                              你调用几次autorelease，当自动释放池被销毁的时候就会调用几次release

•                                                                                优点

•                                                                                              你不必时刻关注对象的释放，让内存管理变的简单

•                                                                                缺点

•                                                                                              对象不能及时的得到释放，如果对象占用内存很大，使用它会导致你程序闪退

•                                                                                使用场景

•                                                                                              当一个对象很小，使用次数也比较少的时候可以使用自动释放

•                                                                                              当一个对象占用内存比较大的时候不要使用自动释放出

•                                                                                              快捷构造方法

•                                                                                              其他需要延长对象生命周期的地方

2.ARC

•                                                    ARC 自动引用计数

•                                                                  什么是自动引用计数

•                                                                                他是编译器特性，不是运行时特性

•                                                                                编译器会再适当的时候插入内存管理的代码

•                                                                  强指针

•                                                                                默认所有的指针都是强指针

•                                                                                只要有强指针指向这个对象，这个对象就不会被销毁

•                                                                                只要没有强指针指向这个对象,  该对象立即被销毁

•                                                                                关键字：__strong

•                                                                  弱指针

•                                                                                弱指针不影响对象的销毁

•                                                                                关键字 __weak

•                                                                  循环引用

•                                                                                什么是循环引用

•                                                                                              当多个对象间的引用出现环的时候就是循环引用

•                                                                                问题

•                                                                                              环中的所有对象都是方法释放不了

•                                                                                解决方案

•                                                                                              当出现循环引用的时候，一端必须使用__weak

•                                                                  @property的使用

•                                                                                内存管理

•                                                                                              assign

                                                                                                                不参与内存管理，用于基本数据类型

•                                                                                              strong

                                                                                                                强引用：用于普通对象

•                                                                                              copy

                                                                                                                复制：用于字符串与block

•                                                                                              weak

                                                                                                                弱引用：防止循环引用

•                                                                  自动释放池

•                                                                                通过类方法创建出来的对象都是放在离它最近的方法池中

•                                                                                当自动释放池销毁的时候才会才能解除自动释放对该对象的引用