STL学习--deque

简介

deque是一种双向开口的连续空间，可以在头尾两端进行添加和删除操作。不同与vector的是deque是一段段的连续空间，这些连续空间由中控器map（不是stlmap）管理，

以提供一种类似的连续性。缓冲区大小为512。

中控管理图：

特性

deque两端都可以快速的插入和删除元素

deque可以进行随机存取，但存取速度比vector慢

面试题

1. 说说std::deque的底层机制

deque动态地以分段连续空间组合而成，随时可以增加一段新的连续空间并链接起来。不提供空间保留功能。

注意：除非必要，我们尽可能选择使用vector而非deque，因为deque的迭代器比vector迭代器复杂很多。对deque排序，为了提高效率，可先将deque复制到一个vector上排序，然后再复制回deque。

deque采用一块map（不是STL的map容器）作为主控，其为一小块连续空间，其中每个元素都是指针，指向另一段较大的连续空间（缓冲区）。

deque的迭代器包含4个内容：

1）cur：迭代器当前所指元素

2）first：此迭代器所指的缓冲区的头。

3）last：缓冲区尾。

4）node：指向管控中心。

源码（STL3.3）

/*
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1994
 * Hewlett-Packard Company
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Hewlett-Packard Company makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1997
 * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 */

/* NOTE: This is an internal header file, included by other STL headers.
 *   You should not attempt to use it directly.
 */

#include <concept_checks.h>

#ifndef __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_DEQUE_H
#define __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_DEQUE_H

/* Class invariants:
 *  For any nonsingular iterator i:
 *    i.node is the address of an element in the map array.  The
 *      contents of i.node is a pointer to the beginning of a node.
 *    i.first == *(i.node) 
 *    i.last  == i.first + node_size
 *    i.cur is a pointer in the range [i.first, i.last).  NOTE:
 *      the implication of this is that i.cur is always a dereferenceable
 *      pointer, even if i is a past-the-end iterator.
 *  Start and Finish are always nonsingular iterators.  NOTE: this means
 *    that an empty deque must have one node, and that a deque
 *    with N elements, where N is the buffer size, must have two nodes.
 *  For every node other than start.node and finish.node, every element
 *    in the node is an initialized object.  If start.node == finish.node,
 *    then [start.cur, finish.cur) are initialized objects, and
 *    the elements outside that range are uninitialized storage.  Otherwise,
 *    [start.cur, start.last) and [finish.first, finish.cur) are initialized
 *    objects, and [start.first, start.cur) and [finish.cur, finish.last)
 *    are uninitialized storage.
 *  [map, map + map_size) is a valid, non-empty range.  
 *  [start.node, finish.node] is a valid range contained within 
 *    [map, map + map_size).  
 *  A pointer in the range [map, map + map_size) points to an allocated node
 *    if and only if the pointer is in the range [start.node, finish.node].
 */


/*
 * In previous versions of deque, there was an extra template 
 * parameter so users could control the node size.  This extension
 * turns out to violate the C++ standard (it can be detected using
 * template template parameters), and it has been removed.
 */

__STL_BEGIN_NAMESPACE 

#if defined(__sgi) && !defined(__GNUC__) && (_MIPS_SIM != _MIPS_SIM_ABI32)
#pragma set woff 1174
#pragma set woff 1375
#endif

// Note: this function is simply a kludge to work around several compilers'
//  bugs in handling constant expressions.
inline size_t __deque_buf_size(size_t __size) {
  return __size < 512 ? size_t(512 / __size) : size_t(1);
}

template <class _Tp, class _Ref, class _Ptr>
struct _Deque_iterator {
  typedef _Deque_iterator<_Tp, _Tp&, _Tp*>             iterator;
  typedef _Deque_iterator<_Tp, const _Tp&, const _Tp*> const_iterator;
  static size_t _S_buffer_size() { return __deque_buf_size(sizeof(_Tp)); }

  typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
  typedef _Tp value_type;
  typedef _Ptr pointer;
  typedef _Ref reference;
  typedef size_t size_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
  typedef _Tp** _Map_pointer;

  typedef _Deque_iterator _Self;

  _Tp* _M_cur;
  _Tp* _M_first;
  _Tp* _M_last;
  _Map_pointer _M_node;

  _Deque_iterator(_Tp* __x, _Map_pointer __y) 
    : _M_cur(__x), _M_first(*__y),
      _M_last(*__y + _S_buffer_size()), _M_node(__y) {}
  _Deque_iterator() : _M_cur(0), _M_first(0), _M_last(0), _M_node(0) {}
  _Deque_iterator(const iterator& __x)
    : _M_cur(__x._M_cur), _M_first(__x._M_first), 
      _M_last(__x._M_last), _M_node(__x._M_node) {}

  reference operator*() const { return *_M_cur; }
#ifndef __SGI_STL_NO_ARROW_OPERATOR
  pointer operator->() const { return _M_cur; }
#endif /* __SGI_STL_NO_ARROW_OPERATOR */

  difference_type operator-(const _Self& __x) const {
    return difference_type(_S_buffer_size()) * (_M_node - __x._M_node - 1) +
      (_M_cur - _M_first) + (__x._M_last - __x._M_cur);
  }

  _Self& operator++() {
    ++_M_cur;
    if (_M_cur == _M_last) {
      _M_set_node(_M_node + 1);
      _M_cur = _M_first;
    }
    return *this; 
  }
  _Self operator++(int)  {
    _Self __tmp = *this;
    ++*this;
    return __tmp;
  }

  _Self& operator--() {
    if (_M_cur == _M_first) {
      _M_set_node(_M_node - 1);
      _M_cur = _M_last;
    }
    --_M_cur;
    return *this;
  }
  _Self operator--(int) {
    _Self __tmp = *this;
    --*this;
    return __tmp;
  }

  _Self& operator+=(difference_type __n)
  {
    difference_type __offset = __n + (_M_cur - _M_first);
    if (__offset >= 0 && __offset < difference_type(_S_buffer_size()))
      _M_cur += __n;
    else {
      difference_type __node_offset =
        __offset > 0 ? __offset / difference_type(_S_buffer_size())
                   : -difference_type((-__offset - 1) / _S_buffer_size()) - 1;
      _M_set_node(_M_node + __node_offset);
      _M_cur = _M_first + 
        (__offset - __node_offset * difference_type(_S_buffer_size()));
    }
    return *this;
  }

  _Self operator+(difference_type __n) const
  {
    _Self __tmp = *this;
    return __tmp += __n;
  }

  _Self& operator-=(difference_type __n) { return *this += -__n; }
 
  _Self operator-(difference_type __n) const {
    _Self __tmp = *this;
    return __tmp -= __n;
  }

  reference operator[](difference_type __n) const { return *(*this + __n); }

  bool operator==(const _Self& __x) const { return _M_cur == __x._M_cur; }
  bool operator!=(const _Self& __x) const { return !(*this == __x); }
  bool operator<(const _Self& __x) const {
    return (_M_node == __x._M_node) ? 
      (_M_cur < __x._M_cur) : (_M_node < __x._M_node);
  }
  bool operator>(const _Self& __x) const  { return __x < *this; }
  bool operator<=(const _Self& __x) const { return !(__x < *this); }
  bool operator>=(const _Self& __x) const { return !(*this < __x); }

  void _M_set_node(_Map_pointer __new_node) {
    _M_node = __new_node;
    _M_first = *__new_node;
    _M_last = _M_first + difference_type(_S_buffer_size());
  }
};

template <class _Tp, class _Ref, class _Ptr>
inline _Deque_iterator<_Tp, _Ref, _Ptr>
operator+(ptrdiff_t __n, const _Deque_iterator<_Tp, _Ref, _Ptr>& __x)
{
  return __x + __n;
}

#ifndef __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION

template <class _Tp, class _Ref, class _Ptr>
inline random_access_iterator_tag
iterator_category(const _Deque_iterator<_Tp,_Ref,_Ptr>&)
{
  return random_access_iterator_tag();
}

template <class _Tp, class _Ref, class _Ptr>
inline _Tp* value_type(const _Deque_iterator<_Tp,_Ref,_Ptr>&) { return 0; }

template <class _Tp, class _Ref, class _Ptr>
inline ptrdiff_t* distance_type(const _Deque_iterator<_Tp,_Ref,_Ptr>&) {
  return 0;
}

#endif /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */

// Deque base class.  It has two purposes.  First, its constructor
//  and destructor allocate (but don't initialize) storage.  This makes
//  exception safety easier.  Second, the base class encapsulates all of
//  the differences between SGI-style allocators and standard-conforming
//  allocators.

#ifdef __STL_USE_STD_ALLOCATORS

// Base class for ordinary allocators.
template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, bool __is_static>
class _Deque_alloc_base {
public:
  typedef typename _Alloc_traits<_Tp,_Alloc>::allocator_type allocator_type;
  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return _M_node_allocator; }

  _Deque_alloc_base(const allocator_type& __a)
    : _M_node_allocator(__a), _M_map_allocator(__a),
      _M_map(0), _M_map_size(0)
  {}
  
protected:
  typedef typename _Alloc_traits<_Tp*, _Alloc>::allocator_type
          _Map_allocator_type;