Note08--文件

书：C++大学教程（第七版）
1. ios::app 将输出数据添加到文件的结尾
ios::ate 将一个文件打开作为输出文件，并移动到文件尾（一般用来为一个文件添加数据）。可以在文件的任何位置写数据
ios::in 打开一个文件作为输入文件
ios::out 打开一个文件作为输出文件
ios::trunc 如果文件有内容则将文件内容丢弃（这是ios::out的默认设置）
ios::binary 打开一个文件进行二进制（也就是非文本方式）输入或输出
在打开一个已存在的文件进行输出（ios::out）时必须小心，尤其是在想要保存这个文件的内容的情况下，因为文件原有的内容会在没有警告的情况下被丢弃。
2. ifstream类对象的默认打开为输入模式
3. 重定位
istream中，函数seekg(0)
ostream中，函数seekp(0)
ios::beg，默认方式，相对于流的开始位置进行定位
ios::cur，相对于当前流的位置进行定位
ios::end，相对于流的即为进行定位
例：
fileObject.seekg(n);
fileObject.seekg(n, ios::cur)
fileObject.seekg(n,ios::end)
fileObject.seekg(0,ios::end)
成员函数tellg和tellp分别用来返回当前的“get”和“put”指针的位置；location = fileObject.tellg();
4. 创建随机存取文件
reinterpret_cast的使用是与编译器相关的程序在不同的平台上运行起来可能不一样。除非有绝对的必要，都不应该使用reinterpret_cast运算符。

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib> // exit function prototype
#include "ClientData.h" // ClientData class definition
using namespace std;
int main()
{
   ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::out | ios::binary );
   // exit program if ofstream could not open file
   if ( !outCredit ) 
   {
      cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
      exit( 1 );
   } // end if
   ClientData blankClient; // constructor zeros out each data member
   // output 100 blank records to file
   for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
      outCredit.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ), 
         sizeof( ClientData ) );
} // end main

1. 随机写入文件

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream> 
#include <cstdlib> // exit function prototype
#include "ClientData.h" // ClientData class definition
int main()
{
   int accountNumber;
   string lastName;
   string firstName;
   double balance;
   fstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out | ios::binary );
   // exit program if fstream cannot open file
   if ( !outCredit ) 
   {
      cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
      exit( 1 );
   } // end if
   cout << "Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input)\n? ";
   // require user to specify account number
   ClientData client;
   cin >> accountNumber;
   // user enters information, which is copied into file
   while ( accountNumber > 0 && accountNumber <= 100 ) 
   {
      // user enters last name, first name and balance
      cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
      cin >> lastName;
      cin >> firstName;
      cin >> balance;
      // set record accountNumber, lastName, firstName and balance values
      client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
      client.setLastName( lastName );
      client.setFirstName( firstName );
      client.setBalance( balance );
      // seek position in file of user-specified record
      outCredit.seekp( ( client.getAccountNumber() - 1 ) * 
         sizeof( ClientData ) );
      // write user-specified information in file
      outCredit.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
         sizeof( ClientData ) );
      // enable user to enter another account
      cout << "Enter account number\n? ";
      cin >> accountNumber;
   } // end while
} // end main

1. 随机存取文件顺序读取数据

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib> // exit function prototype
#include "ClientData.h" // ClientData class definition
using namespace std;

void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & ); // prototype
int main()
{
   ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::binary );
   // exit program if ifstream cannot open file
   if ( !inCredit ) 
   {
      cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
      exit( 1 );
   } // end if
   cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
      << "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << left
      << setw( 10 ) << right << "Balance" << endl;
   ClientData client; // create record
   // read first record from file
   inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ), 
      sizeof( ClientData ) );
   // read all records from file
   while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) 
   {
      // display record
      if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 )
         outputLine( cout, client );
      // read next from file
      inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
         sizeof( ClientData ) );
   } // end while
} // end main
// display single record
void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
{
   output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
      << setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName()
      << setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName()
      << setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed 
      << showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;
} // end function outputLine

1. 打开文件模板

ofstream& open_file(ofstream &out, const string &file)
{
    out.close();
    out.clear();
    out.open(file.c_str());
    return out;
}

1. istringstream

#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    string str = "i an a boy";
    istringstream is(str);
    string s;
    while (is >> s)
    {
        cout << s << endl;
    }
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}