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2019-2020 大学英语III 仔细阅读

1. 试题解析：
   本文主要谈论美国的经济危机给美国家庭带来的影响。由于经济危机而导致的人们失去工作、收入降低、房价下降等原因会使本来不幸福的夫妻无法承担离婚的成本，从这点上看，经济危机会从某种角度降低离婚率。不过，本来关系不好的夫妻也不会维持很长时间。尤其在经济复苏后，大部分关系不好的夫妻还会选择离婚。
   In times of economic crisis, Americans turn to their families for support. If the Great Depression is any guide, we may see a drop in our sky-high divorce rate. But this won’t necessarily represent an increase in happy marriages. In the long run, the Depression weakened American families, and the current crisis will probably do the same.
   We tend to think of the Depression as a time when families pulled together to survive huge job losses. By 1932, when nearly one-quarter of the workforce was unemployed, the divorce rate had declined by around 25% from 1929. But this doesn’t mean people were suddenly happier with their marriages. Rather, with incomes decreasing and insecure jobs, unhappy couples often couldn’t afford to divorce. They feared neither spouse could manage alone.
   Today, given the job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households. Furthermore, the housing market meltdown will make it more difficult for them to finance their separations by selling their homes.
   After financial disasters family members also tend to do whatever they can to help each other and their communities. A 195 book, The Unemployed Man and His Family, described a family in which the husband initially reacted to losing his job “with tireless search for work.” He was always active, looking for odd jobs to do.
   The problem is that such an impulse is hard to sustain. Across the country, many similar families were unable to maintain the initial boost in morale (士气). For some, the hardships of life without steady work eventually overwhelmed their attempts to keep their families together. The divorce rate rose again during the rest of the decade as the recovery took hold.
   Millions of American families may now be in the initial stage of their responses to the current crisis, working together and supporting one another through the early months of unemployment.
   Today’s economic crisis could well generate a similar number of couples whose relationships have been irreparably (无法弥补地) ruined. So it’s only when the economy is healthy again that we’ll begin to see just how many broken families have been created.
2. In the initial stage, the current economic crisis is likely to __________.
   A) tear many troubled families apart
   B) contribute to enduring family ties
   C) bring about a drop in the divorce rate
   D) cause a lot of conflicts in the family
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3. In the Great Depression many unhappy couples chose to stick together because ________.
   A) starting a new family would be hard
   B) they expected things would turn better
   C) they wanted to better protect their kids
   D) living separately would be too costly
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4. In addition to job losses, what stands in the way of unhappy couples getting a divorce?
   A) Mounting family debts.
   B) A sense of insecurity.
   C) Difficulty in getting a loan.
   D) Falling housing prices. 。
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5. What will the current economic crisis eventually do to some married couples?
   A) It will force them to pull their efforts together.
   B) It will undermine their mutual understanding.
   C) It will help strengthen their emotional bonds.
   D) It will irreparably damage their relationship.
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6. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
   A) The economic recovery will see a higher divorce rate.
   B) Few couples can stand the test of economic hardships.
   C) A stable family is the best protection against poverty.
   D) Money is the foundation of many a happy marriage.

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2. 试题解析：
这篇文章讲述了金钱对夫妻关系的影响。作者通过度假这件事来引出夫妻对待金钱的不同态度，接着指出不好的经济状况常常会影响夫妻关系，夫妻双方因为钱而产生的反复争执大大伤害了彼此的感情。最后，作者引用心理学家的话，阐述了金钱在男女眼中的意义是不一样的，并建议夫妻就金钱问题一定要多沟通。
It’s an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the boiler could go off, or the roof fall off and we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no argument next year—we just won’t go.
Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What’s less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession—financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterised by intense verbal (言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and made men, more than women, extremely angry.
Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. “People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for,” he explains, “They’ll say it’s to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them.” He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they’ve achieved something.
“The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.”
6. What does the author say about vacationing?
A) People enjoy it all the more during a recession.
B) Few people can afford it without working hard.　
C) It makes all the hard work worthwhile.
D) It is the chief cause of family disputes.

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7. What does the author mean by saying “money is known … to bring a relationship to its knees” (Para. 2)?
   A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.
   B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.
   C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.　
   D) Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.

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8. The YouGov poll of 2,000 people indicates that in a recession ________.
A) conflicts between couples tend to rise
B) it is more expensive for couples to split up　
C) couples show more concern for each other　
D) divorce and separation rates increase

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9. What does Kim Stephenson believe?
A) Money is often a symbol of a person’s status.
B) Money means a great deal to both and women.　
C) Men and women spend money on different things.
D) Men and women view money in different ways.

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10. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should ________.
A) put their money together instead of keeping it separately
B) make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets
C) discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship
D) avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic

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3. 试题解析：
文章主要谈论的是时下非常流行的电视脱口秀节目，讨论电视节目是否有底线的问题。在英国、美国等西方国家，电视节目主持人可以谈论任何话题，如果观众感觉不舒服或者抱怨指责，那么主持人就麻烦了。英国主持人Jonathan Ross就因观众的职责和抱怨受到了停薪停职的处罚。大部分情况下，主持人的底线就是使观众感兴趣而不是他们是否说得过火；有时观众会迫使主持人过火，但一切都只是为了保证收视率。作者对电视节目主持人的限制办法还是抱有希望的。
Fans acclaim it for being spicy and straightforward; critics label it shallow and rude. The success of the Taiwanese talk show “KangXi Arrives” has elicited (引出) different responses from audience members: Different from the usual more serious-style talk shows, it’s well known for its humorous interviews and relaxed atmosphere. So, what’s so great about TV talk shows?
The question of whether there’s a bottom line for TV shows of this kind has been discussed for a long time. The answer is generally positive, but there’s still the question: How much is too much?
In places like the US and UK, most TV channels don’t bother stopping hosts from using dirty words like the “f word” or “sht” but will beep the words out when the program airs.
TV hosts there can talk about almost anything: politics, religion, sex, and whatever. For them, the bottom line is more likely to be the interests of their guests and audiences, rather than whether they’ve gone too far.
If a guest is not comfortable with the jokes or tricks, or if there’s complaining from the audience, the host can be in trouble. For example, British host Jonathan Ross, was suspended without pay by the BBC last year. His offense? He left “grossly offensive” voicemail (语音信箱) messages on the answering machine of British actor Andrew Sachs in his radio show.
In most cases, the bottom line is “lower” than you might think. On American TV, “freedom of speech” is valued. Big late night TV hosts are known for their bold methods. They’re ironic, opinionated (固执己见的), and may push the limits.
Surprisingly (or not), audiences are “blamed” for the lower limits. Audiences supposedly expect more and “force” hosts to go further. More than once Dee Hsu has admitted that she does the crazy things on “KangXi Arrives” “all for the rating.”
To a certain extent, the bottom line should be what the audiences want. And, for those fearless hosts who just don’t care, where there’s beeping, there’s hope.
11. The phrase “when the program airs” in Para. 3 can be best replaced by “________.”
A) when the program is finished
B) when the program is cancelled
C) when the program is broadcasted
D) when the program is criticized

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12. The author cites the case of Jonathan Ross to show that ________.
A) talk show hosts can do whatever they want.
B) talk show hosts do get punished for going too far.
C) talk show hosts really enjoy the freedom of speech.
D) the audience can do nothing to the hosts.

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13. Why do some hosts say dirty words or do crazy things in their programs?
A) Because they want to punish the guests.
B) Because they want to criticize the government.
C) Because they want to attract more audience.
D) Because they can do whatever they like.

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14. What does the author mean by “where there’s beeping, there’s hope” in the last paragraph?
A) When there is still a way to control the program, we are hopeful that there is still a limit.
B) When there is technical ways to cut the program, we don’t have to worry about the bottom line.
C) We hope that the hosts will stop speaking when they hear the beeping sound.
D) When the hosts give the beeping sound, they will get punished.

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15. What is the author’s attitude towards the low limit for the hosts of TV talk shows?
    A) He is happy for the freedom of speech they enjoy.
    B) He is extremely angry when the hosts move beyond the lines.
    C) He is pessimistic about the audiences’ taste.
    D) He is still hopeful that the limit could be controlled.

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4. 这篇文章对传统的男女生合校这种教育体制提出了质疑，认为男校对男生的身心发展更为有利。男校的单性教育有助于男生自由表达情感，不必固守“男子汉”形象，并积极参与文艺活动，并且男校不会由于过于关注女生而忽略了男生，而且单性教育可以针对男生的身心发展特点和兴趣制定学习计划。
Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.
Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, a US study says.
Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”.
The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.
Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.
The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.
But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.
Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with “boy-focused” approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision, learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given “hands-on” lessons where they are allowed to walk around. “Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modem genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes,” James wrote.
Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be “masterful and in charge” in relationships. “In mixed schools, boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,” the study reported.
16. The author believes that a single-sex school would ________.
A) force boys to hide their emotions to be “real men”
B) help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys
C) encourage boys to express their emotions more freely　
D) naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man
。

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17. It is commonly believed that in a mixed school boys ________.
    A) Perform relatively better 　 B) grow up more healthily
    C) behave more responsibly　 D) receive a better education

    Ａ

18. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?
    A) It fails more boys than girls academically.
    B) It focuses more on mixed school education.
    C) It fails to give boys the attention they need.　
    D) It places more pressure on boys than on girls.

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19. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is ________.
A) teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys
B) boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted　
C) boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in　
D) teaching can be designed to promote boys’ team spirit

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20. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James’ report?
    A) They enjoy being in charge.
    B) They conform to stereotypes.
    C) They have sharper vision.　
    D) They are violent and sexist.

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5. 试题解析：
本文介绍了一份由人道主义论坛所作的关于全球气候变暖与人口死亡和经济损失关系的报告。对此报告，一些气候和风险专家褒贬不一。有些专家质疑报告的研究方法和结论，而有些专家则力挺报告的价值。在一次有关这个报告的新闻发布会上，安南先生强调在控制温室气体释放的同时，更需要通过磋商来呼吁富有地区向贫困地区提供更多的资金援助，从而增强后者对气候灾害的免疫性。
Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.
The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.
But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.
Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030.
Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable (易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的).”
However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.
In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report.
21. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?
A) Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.
B) Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.
C) Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.
D) Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.
答案：B
解析：题干中的专有名词出现在文章第一段，但是这个机构公布的报告结果是在文章第二段第二句，说这份报告发现对人类有影响的气候变化使得由疾病（包括营养不良和由高温引起的健康问题）所引起的死亡率大大增加（It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition and heat-related health problems）。与选项B的内容吻合，所以选B。
22. What do we learn about the Forum’s report from the passage?
A) It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.
B) It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.
C) It was warmly received by environmentalists.
D) It caused a big stir in developing countries.
答案：A
解析：文章第三段说这份报告引起了一些气候和风险专家的批评，他们质疑这份报告的研究方法和结论（the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions）。与选项A的内容吻合，所以选A。
23. What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum’s report?
A) Its statistics look embarrassing.
B) It is invalid in terms of methodology.
C) It deserves our closest attention.
D) Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.
答案：B
解析：从题干中的人名定位于文章第五段，是对报告的批评部分。此段第一句中，Roger Pielke说论坛的这份报告基于一个“尴尬的”研究方法（the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment”），也就是说从研究方法角度看，这份报告缺乏有效性，所以选B。
24. What is Soren Andreasen’s view of the report?
A) Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.
B) It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.
C) It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.
D) Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders.
答案：D
解析：从题干中的人名定位于文章第六段，第一句说Soren Andreasen为报告辩护，他说很明显这些数据只是粗略估计（…defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates）。此段第二句中，他还说这份报告的阅读对象是世界各国领导人（the report was aimed at world leaders）。综合起来，与选项D的内容吻合，所以选D。
25. What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?
A) How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.
B) How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.
C) How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.
D) How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.
答案：D
解析：文章最后一段第一句说安南先生强调在控制温室气体释放的同时，更需要通过磋商来呼吁富有地区向贫困地区提供更多的资金援助，从而增强后者对气候灾害的免疫性（Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases）。与选项D的内容吻合，所以选D。
6. 试题解析：
城市生活总是机会与惩罚并存，挣钱机会多，压力就越大，犯罪也应运而生。人们总是试图通过各种方式来减轻压力，可是适得其反，人与人之间的交流也变得简化和冷淡，旅行毫无乐趣，甚至有人通过毒品和酒精来麻痹自己。所有的一切都给犯罪提供了可乘之机。此外，现代建筑和城市规划也给城市生活带来了更严重的问题，人与人之间的亲密被隔断，住在彼此不相识的环境里，感觉很陌生。
Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants (行为不轨的人) and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity (彼此陌生) of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City residents may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.
As a defense against these developments, city residents tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves; contacts with other people are generally made brief and indifferent; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory (未列入电话簿的); journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individuals, for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the unfortunate accidents of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are then geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
Present-day architecture and planning have enormously made worse the human problems of urban life. Old established neighborhoods have been cruelly swept away, by both public and private organizations, usually to be replaced by huge, ugly, indifferent structures. People have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be re-housed in tower blocks which are dull, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human interaction or support. This destruction of established social structures is the worst possible approach to the difficulties of living in a town or city. Instead, every effort should be made to protect the human scale of the environment, and to retain familiar landmarks (地标).
26. What makes the control of crime in large cities more difficult?
A) The dangers of urban life.
B) The stressful competition.
C) The convenient transportation.
D) The ever increasing population.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：什么使得对大城市犯罪的控制越来越困难？文章第一段第四句话today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever（当今人们流动越来越简单使控制犯罪更困难）中ease of movement就是指人们从一地到另一地的活动更加简单，与选项C中的convenient transportation（便利的交通运输）有关，所以选C。
27. According to the writer, why do some people take drugs or alcohol?
A) To provide themselves with pleasure.
B) To defend their urban life.
C) To reduce awareness and lessen the pressure upon themselves.
D) To widespread loneliness and destroy the society’s concern.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：作者认为人们为何吸毒或饮酒？文章第二段的第一句为主题句，city residents tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves交代了本段主要写城市居民试图用各种方式来排解压力，而reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol（用毒品和酒精麻痹自己的意识）则是手段之一。综合上述两点进行判断，所以选C。
28. By “these people are then geographically trapped” (Para. 3) the writer means that ________.
A) The unsuccessful and minorities are far away from much economic activity.
B) Inner areas are taken by more successful people for economic activity.
C) The unsuccessful and minorities have to move out of inner areas of cities.
D) Competitive struggle has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
答案：A
解析：题干的意思是：第三段中作者说“这些人陷入地理困境中”的意思是什么？文章第三段these people are then geographically trapped中的these people肯定指前面最近提到的人，所以考生要掌握英语中代词的用法并根据这一特点回看前一句。Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups意为贫民区被成功人士放弃，只留给那些竞争失利的和少数民族。而economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond指经济活动迁移到郊区或更远的地方，所以选A。
29. In what way have present day architecture and planning worsened the problem of urban life?
A) Old established neighborhoods are being preserved.
B) People are forced to live in unfamiliar environment.
C) The established social structures are out of date.
D) People are unwilling to move away from city centers.
答案：B
解析：题干的意思是：建筑和城市规划如何给城市生活带来更糟的问题？由文章第四段第一句话可进行信息定位，但考生很难找到现成的句子来回答问题，这就需要考生迅速浏览该段并总结观点。根据old established neighborhoods have been cruelly swept away（老街坊邻居的亲密关系被生生拆散），people have been forced to leave their familiar homes（人们被迫离开熟悉的家庭），可以概括为人们现在居住在陌生的环境中，所以选B。
30. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Opportunities and rewards of urban life.
B) Tips of city residents to reduce stress.
C) Various problems concerning city residents.
D) Modern architecture and city planning.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：文章主要是关于什么内容的？本题是典型的综合理解全文并概括文章大意的题型，考生需要整体把握文章主旨，通过文章开头和结尾以及每段主题句和线索词来概括文章大意。文章第一段明确说城市生活总是机会与惩罚并存，城市居民面临一系列的问题；第二段列举人们排解压力的方式，从而又引发社会问题；第三段是描写人分等级居住；第四段描写建筑和城市规划如何给城市生活带来更糟的问题，综上所述，整篇文章都围绕现代城市居民所面临的各种各样的问题，所以选C。
7. A recent global survey of 2,000 high-net-worth individuals found about 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among U.S. participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs. “Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they’re passionate (有激情的) about,” says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas. “Given the choice, they prefer to continue working.” Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”.
Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who’s going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.
It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it’s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. “People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida,” he says. He described one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire.
“We’re beginning to see a change in how people view retirement,” says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似) to being cast aside. What Leeson terms “the Warren Buffett effect” is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to “view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity but also about contribution.”
Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (坚韧的) chief. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advance—an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree.
31. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”?
A) They are passionate about making a fortune.
B) They have no choice but to continue working.
C) They love what they do and choose not to retire.
D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to.
答案：C
解析：首段后半部分的间接引语部分提到，他们通过做自己热爱的事情来赚钱，如果有机会，他们宁愿继续工作，这些人被称为“永不退休的人”。由此可知，“永不退休的人”热爱他们的工作而拒绝退休，故答案为C，其中的love what they do是对文中doing something they’re passionate about的同义转述，choose not to retire是对prefer to continue working的同义转述。
32. What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?
A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.
B) Neither of them desire reward for their work.
C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition.
D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.
答案：A
解析：第2段首句提到，不像许多因公司规定而被迫提前退休的美国人，“永不退休的人”一般不会受到任何人的限制。接着举了欧文·卡恩和露丝·巴德·金斯伯格的例子，前者是自己公司的老板，后者的大法官职位受宪法保护，两人都不会被强制退休，故答案为A。
33. What is the finding of Howard Friedman’s research?
A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be.
B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.
C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.
D) Working at an advanced age lengthens people’s life.
答案：D
解析：第3段开头提到，这些拒绝退休的老年人似乎试图欺骗死神，事实上他们做到了。接着用霍华德•弗里德曼的研究发现加以论证：那些工作最努力并且在事业上最成功的人常常寿命最长。由此可知，继续工作的老人活得更久，故答案为D，其中lengthens people’s life是对文中live the longest lives的同义转述。
34. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?
A) It means a burden to the younger generation.
B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.
C) It is a compensation for one’s life-long hard work.
D) It helps increase a nation’s economic productivity.
答案：C
解析：第4段首句提到，人们对退休的看法正在改变。接着第2句说明对退休的传统看法，题干中的traditional view of retirement是对once retirement was seen as…的同义转述，该句提到退休曾经被看作在某种悲惨的工作中长期煎熬之后的奖励，故答案为C，其中的compensation for one’s life-long hard work是对文中a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job的同义转述。
35. What do critics say about “nevertirees”?
A) They are an obstacle to a company’s development.
B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation.
C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.
D) They prevent young people from getting ahead.
答案：D
解析：末段提到，观察者们对于“永不退休的人”持不同意见。一方面，公司和金融企业会因此受益；另一方面，年轻一代的发展会遇到困难。也就是说，“永不退休的人”会阻碍年轻人的发展，故答案为D，其中的prevent young people from getting ahead是对文中the new generation can find it more difficult to advance的同义转述。
8. Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy (破产) protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency (自满)”, that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.
Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching into new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate (企业的) culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.
36. What do we learn about Kodak?
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B) It is approaching its downfall.
C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D) It is playing a dominant role in the film market.
答案：B
解析：从文章第一段中的bankruptcy和第二段的Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency”可知柯达已经走向衰败，因此选项D错误。文章第一句指出柯达的破产是…a sad, though not unexpected turning point，可知柯达的衰败并非突然的，故可排除选项A。根据…but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution可知柯达最终没有适应数字革命，排除选项C。故选B。
37. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?
A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
答案：A
解析：第二段一开始指出很多人将柯达的衰败归结于柯达的自满，但是这个解释并没有承认柯达在自身重塑上所作的努力。然后，作者用柯达发明第一台数码相机来例证柯达在自我改造上所作的尝试。故选A。
38. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?
A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.
B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
答案：D
解析：第四段提到Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.根据此句可知，大公司不能进入新市场的原因是他们在开创新业务的过程中，依然不愿放弃现有的优势。接下来作者在第五段提到…too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future，即柯达过度沉溺于过去的辉煌，不能完全拥抱未来。故选D。
39. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?
A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge.
答案：A
解析：第五段提到Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.可知柯达的历史已经成为自身发展的障碍。故选A。
40. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?
A) Its blind faith in traditional photography.
B) Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.
C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.
答案：A
解析：第二段最后一句提到…but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.由此可知柯达公司所犯的致命错误是将数码相机束之高阁而把传统胶片作为业务重点。故选A。
9.试题解析：
孩子能够习得选择食物的能力，这种能力能够帮助孩子们日后选择健康的食物。这种能力的产生和发展从母亲怀孕时就开始了，母亲怀孕时的饮食习惯影响孩子的食物倾向。孕妇要吃各种各样健康的食物。通过对动物进行实验发现，妈妈若吃健康均衡的食品，其后代长大后也选择健康食物，并且体重和血糖都正常；然而，妈妈若吃垃圾食品，其后代长大后选择食物的健康程度则差一些，并且容易发胖。
Why some youngsters approach food as an adventure and others insist on mono-meals of macaroni (通心粉) cheese? It turns out kids’ tastes for food don’t happen by accident. Studies show that children prefer the flavors they experience early on, including while they’re in the womb (子宫). A doctor is drawing on that research to help get more pregnant and nursing women to eat healthy and varied diets because doing so will make their babies tend to eat what’s good for them.
According to Alan Greene, a professor on children health at Stanford University and the author of the new Feeding Baby Green, children can acquire what he calls nutritional intelligence, which will help them choose healthy food later in life. And this intelligence springs from food impress, which begins during pregnancy. “How a child learns to eat is one of the most important health issues in this country,” he says, “It’s learned behavior.”
In his book, Greene paints a vivid picture of the budding foodie. A fetus (胎儿) in the second and third month has highly sensitive taste buds that get to experience whatever mom is eating. Fetuses remember flavors from this time in the womb and seek them out after birth. This process explains why adopted infants, when swept off to a new culture, years later prefer their native foods even though they may never have actually eaten them in the conventional sense.
A study published last year in a scientific journal revealed the long-term effect of food impress. In the experiment, half of the pregnant and nursing animals were given a balanced diet of healthy foods. The other half ate some healthy food, as well as a large amount of items filled with sugar, salt and fat.
Scientists found that offspring of the animals who had eaten only healthy items tended to choose those same healthy items when they became adults. They were also significantly more likely to have normal weight, blood sugar, etc. compared with the junk-food-eaters’ offspring, who made less healthy choices as adults and were significantly more likely to be fat.
41. To shape her baby a healthy food habit, a pregnant woman should ________.
A) learn to eat green food only
B) make a balanced food choice
C) get rid of her own food preference
D) promote her nutritional intelligence
答案：B
解析：文章第一段最后一句help get more pregnant and nursing women to eat healthy and varied diets because doing so will make their babies tend to eat what’s good for them（处在怀孕期和哺乳期的女性应该多吃健康均衡的食物，因为这样做可以使她们的小孩在今后更可能选择健康的食物），由此推断出孕妇应当选择健康均衡的饮食，所以选B。
42. Prof. Greene’s research is to find out ________.
A) the differences between youngsters and children’s food preferences
B) the differences between food impress and nutritional intelligence
C) whether food preference is acquired by nature or learned behavior
D) whether mothers’ food habit during pregnancy has influence on their kids’ food preference
答案：D
解析：正确答案定位在第二段。其中第一句children can acquire what he calls nutritional intelligence, which will help them choose healthy food later in life，说明孩子选择食物的能力能够帮助他们日后选择健康的食物；第二句And this intelligence springs from food impress, which begins during pregnancy，说明这种能力的产生和发展从母亲怀孕时就开始了；由此可以概括出母亲怀孕时的饮食习惯影响孩子的食物倾向，所以选D。
43. The expression “budding foodie” (Para. 3) can be best replaced by ________.
A) growing eater B) new food choice
C) increasing appetite D) developing preference
答案：A
解析：根据英语行文规则，前一句提到budding foodie，紧接着下一句开头就解释A fetus in the second and third month（两三个月的胎儿）可以推断两者指同一事物，bud指“发芽”，那么budding指“发芽的、发育的”，可以推断budding foodie指正在生长的胎儿，选项A中eater指吃东西的人，所以选A。
44. The animal experiment mentioned in the last two paragraphs can prove that ________.
A) animals have the same food preference as human beings do
B) animals tend to choose healthy food when they become adults
C) animals have much longer food impress effect than human beings do
D) animals will experience similar influence of food choice as human beings do
答案：D
解析：根据第五段的实验结果，动物的后代在母体内时的饮食结构直接影响它们长大后的饮食习惯，与前面所说人类的情况是一样的，所以选D。
45. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) fetus will have a vivid picture of what their mother once eat
B) the nutritional intelligence can only be acquired in one’s childhood
C) a healthy diet should contain no large amount of sugar, salt and fat
D) adopted children will not develop their preference for their local food
答案：C
解析：正确答案定位在第四段和第五段。第四段的实验中提到有一半动物吃a large amount of items filled with sugar, salt and fat（很多含有糖、盐和脂肪的食物），第五段描述实验结果时把吃这种食物的动物称作the junk-food-eaters（吃垃圾食品者），综合以上线索可以推断出健康食品中不应该含有大量的糖、盐和脂肪，所以选C。
10． As you are probably aware, the latest job markets news isn’t good: Unemployment is still more than 9 percent, and new job growth has fallen close to zero. That’s bad for the economy, of course. And it may be especially discouraging if you happen to be looking for a job or hoping to change careers right now. But it actually shouldn’t matter to you nearly as much as you think.
That’s because job growth numbers don’t matter to job hunters as much as job turnover data. After all, existing jobs open up every day due to promotions, resignations, terminations, and retirements. (Yes, people are retiring even in this economy.) In both good times and bad, turnover creates more openings than economic growth does. Even in June of 2007, when the economy was still humming along, job growth was only 132,000, while turnover was 4.7 million!
And as it turns out, even today—with job growth near zero—over 4 million job hunters are being hired every month.
I don’t mean to imply that overall job growth doesn’t have an impact on one’s ability to land a job. It’s true that if total employment were higher, it would mean more jobs for all of us to choose from (and compete for). And it’s true that there are currently more people applying for each available job opening, regardless of whether it’s a new one or not.
But what often distinguishes those who land jobs from those who don’t is their ability to stay motivated. They’re willing to do the hard work of identifying their valuable skills; be creative about where and how to look; learn how to present themselves to potential employers; and keep going, even after repeated rejections. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that 2.7 million people who wanted and were available for work hadn’t looked within the last four weeks and were no longer even classified as unemployed.
So don’t let the headlines fool you into giving up. Four million people get hired every month in the U.S. You can be one of them.
46. The author tends to believe that high unemployment rate ______.
A) deprives many people of job opportunities
B) prevents many people from changing careers
C) should not stop