《effective java》item 22，23

item 22：Use interfaces only to define types

• 接口用来说明实现类的功能，不要用来保存静态变量。（反面例子：所谓constant interface： java.io.ObjectStreamConstants）
• 若是要导出某些常用的静态变量，可直接在定义在类的内部（如Interger.MAX_VAL），或将一系列静态变量封装成一个静态工具类，再私有化其构造方法
• 如果使用静态类的静态常量时名字太长（类名加常量名），可以使用static import。（如 import static com.effectivejava.science.PhysicalConstants.*;）

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item 23: 倾向于继承关系而不是在类里面打标签

• 类里面打标签

// Tagged class - vastly inferior to a class hierarchy!
class Figure {
    enum Shape { RECTANGLE, CIRCLE };
    // Tag field - the shape of this figure
    final Shape shape;
    // These fields are used only if shape is RECTANGLE
    double length;
    double width;
    // This field is used only if shape is CIRCLE
    double radius;
    // Constructor for circle
    Figure(double radius) {
        shape = Shape.CIRCLE;
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    // Constructor for rectangle
    Figure(double length, double width) {
        shape = Shape.RECTANGLE;
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
    double area() {
        switch(shape) {
            case RECTANGLE:
                return length * width;
            case CIRCLE:
                return Math.PI * (radius * radius);
            default:
                throw new AssertionError(shape);
        }
    }
}

• 继承

// Class hierarchy replacement for a tagged class
abstract class Figure {
    abstract double area();
}
class Circle extends Figure {
    final double radius;
    Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
    @Override double area() { return Math.PI * (radius * radius); }
}

class Rectangle extends Figure {
    final double length;
    final double width;
    Rectangle(double length, double width) {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
    @Override double area() { return length * width; }
}