SELECT查询

SELECT用于从一个或多个表中检索信息,使用SELECT检索数据表需要明确:

想选择什么,以及从什么地方选择

1.检索单个列、多个列、所有列

检索单个列的sql语法:

SELECT 列名 FROM 表名

示例:

mysql> SELECT prod_name FROM Products;
+---------------------+
| prod_name           |
+---------------------+
| Fish bean bag toy   |
| Bird bean bag toy   |
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear   |
| 12 inch teddy bear  |
| 18 inch teddy bear  |
| Raggedy Ann         |
| King doll           |
| Queen doll          |
+---------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

检索多个列的SQL语法:

SELECT  列名1,列名2,...列名n   FROM  表名

示例:

mysql> SELECT prod_id,prod_name,prod_price
    -> FROM Products;
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| prod_id | prod_name           | prod_price |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| BNBG01  | Fish bean bag toy   |       3.49 |
| BNBG02  | Bird bean bag toy   |       3.49 |
| BNBG03  | Rabbit bean bag toy |       3.49 |
| BR01    | 8 inch teddy bear   |       5.99 |
| BR02    | 12 inch teddy bear  |       8.99 |
| BR03    | 18 inch teddy bear  |      11.99 |
| RGAN01  | Raggedy Ann         |       4.99 |
| RYL01   | King doll           |       9.49 |
| RYL02   | Queen doll          |       9.49 |
+---------+---------------------+------------+

检索所有列使用*通配符:

SELECT * FROM 表名;

示例:

mysql> SELECT * FROM Orders;
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| order_num | order_date          | cust_id    |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
|     20005 | 2004-05-01 00:00:00 | 1000000001 |
|     20006 | 2004-01-12 00:00:00 | 1000000003 |
|     20007 | 2004-01-30 00:00:00 | 1000000004 |
|     20008 | 2004-02-03 00:00:00 | 1000000005 |
|     20009 | 2004-02-08 00:00:00 | 1000000001 |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

2.使用DISTINCT关键字

如果想查询某一列不重复的结果,可以使用DISTINCT关键字去除重复项返回不重复的结果。从Products表中查询不重复的供应商ID,返回所有结果的查询:

mysql> SELECT vend_id from Products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
| DLL01   |
| DLL01   |
| DLL01   |
| BRS01   |
| BRS01   |
| BRS01   |
| DLL01   |
| FNG01   |
| FNG01   |
+---------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用DISTINCT关键字去除重复项:

mysql> SELECT DISTINCT vend_id FROM Products;
+---------+
| vend_id |
+---------+
| DLL01   |
| BRS01   |
| FNG01   |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.指定查询数量

SELECT列名的方式会返回所有匹配的行,如果想返回一定数量的记录可以在SELECT查询后面加上限制。这一查询在不同的数据库中实现不相同。在mysql中使用limit关键字,语法:

SELECT 列名 FROM  表名 limit 条数;

比如返回prod_name的前4个:

mysql> SELECT prod_name from Products limit 4;
+---------------------+
| prod_name           |
+---------------------+
| Fish bean bag toy   |
| Bird bean bag toy   |
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear   |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. 查询指定位置开始的指定条数

如果想从指定位置查询一定数目的记录,可以使用offset关键字,语法:

SELECT 列名 from 表名 limit 返回结果数目 offset 开始位置;

比如返回从第3条记录开始的4条数据,数据库中的第一条记录位置从0,因此第3条记录的位置为2:

mysql> SELECT prod_name from Products limit 4 offset 2;
+---------------------+
| prod_name           |
+---------------------+
| Rabbit bean bag toy |
| 8 inch teddy bear   |
| 12 inch teddy bear  |
| 18 inch teddy bear  |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.使用where子句过滤数据

SELECT语句中可以根据WHERE子句制定搜索条件进行过滤。例如:

mysql> select prod_id,prod_name,prod_price from Products where prod_price=3.49;  
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| prod_id | prod_name           | prod_price |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
| BNBG01  | Fish bean bag toy   |       3.49 |
| BNBG02  | Bird bean bag toy   |       3.49 |
| BNBG03  | Rabbit bean bag toy |       3.49 |
+---------+---------------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.1 where操作符

WHERE子句可以使用常用的操作符:

操作符说明
=等于
<>不等于
!=不等于
>大于
> =大于等于
<小于
<=小于等于
between A and B介于A和B之间,包含A和B
IS NULL为空值

空值检验例子:

mysql> select cust_id,cust_name,cust_email from Customers where cust_email IS NULL;
+------------+---------------+------------+
| cust_id    | cust_name     | cust_email |
+------------+---------------+------------+
| 1000000002 | Kids Place    | NULL       |
| 1000000005 | The Toy Store | NULL       |
+------------+---------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.2AND操作符

mysql> select vend_id,prod_price,prod_name from Products Where vend_id='DLL01' AND prod_price <=4;
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| vend_id | prod_price | prod_name           |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Fish bean bag toy   |
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Bird bean bag toy   |
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Rabbit bean bag toy |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.3OR 操作符

mysql> select vend_id,prod_price,prod_name from Products Where vend_id='DLL01' OR prod_price <=4;
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| vend_id | prod_price | prod_name           |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Fish bean bag toy   |
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Bird bean bag toy   |
| DLL01   |       3.49 | Rabbit bean bag toy |
| DLL01   |       4.99 | Raggedy Ann         |
+---------+------------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.4IN 操作符

IN操作符用来制定条件范围,范围中的每个条件都可以进行匹配。和OR的功能一样,但比OR有更好的性能。
查询vend_id为”DLL01”或”BRS01”的产品:

mysql> SELECT prod_name,vend_id,prod_price FROM Products WHERE vend_id IN('DLL01','BRS01') ORDER BY prod_price;
+---------------------+---------+------------+
| prod_name           | vend_id | prod_price |
+---------------------+---------+------------+
| Fish bean bag toy   | DLL01   |       3.49 |
| Bird bean bag toy   | DLL01   |       3.49 |
| Rabbit bean bag toy | DLL01   |       3.49 |
| Raggedy Ann         | DLL01   |       4.99 |
| 8 inch teddy bear   | BRS01   |       5.99 |
| 12 inch teddy bear  | BRS01   |       8.99 |
| 18 inch teddy bear  | BRS01   |      11.99 |
+---------------------+---------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.5NOT操作符

WHERE子句操作符的功能是否定其后所跟的任何条件。比如列出出了DLL01之外的所有供应商制造的产品:

  SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where NOT vend_id='DLL01' ORDER BY prod_name;
+--------------------+---------+
| prod_name          | vend_id |
+--------------------+---------+
| 12 inch teddy bear | BRS01   |
| 18 inch teddy bear | BRS01   |
| 8 inch teddy bear  | BRS01   |
| King doll          | FNG01   |
| Queen doll         | FNG01   |
+--------------------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.6% 通配符

  1. a%匹配任何以a开头的字符
  2. %b匹配任何以b结尾的字符
  3. %c%c匹配任何包含c的字符

查询以r开头的产品:

mysql>  SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where prod_name like 'r%' ORDER BY prod_name;
+---------------------+---------+
| prod_name           | vend_id |
+---------------------+---------+
| Rabbit bean bag toy | DLL01   |
| Raggedy Ann         | DLL01   |
+---------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

找出prod_name以F起头以y结尾的产品:


mysql>  SELECT prod_name,vend_id from Products where prod_name like 'F%y' ORDER BY prod_name;
+-------------------+---------+
| prod_name         | vend_id |
+-------------------+---------+
| Fish bean bag toy | DLL01   |
+-------------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5.7下划线(_)通配符

一个下划线匹配一个字符:

mysql> select prod_id,prod_name from Products Where prod_name LIKE '__ inch teddy bear';
+---------+--------------------+
| prod_id | prod_name          |
+---------+--------------------+
| BR02    | 12 inch teddy bear |
| BR03    | 18 inch teddy bear |
+---------+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.8通配符使用技巧

  1. 通配符的搜索要消耗更长大处理时间。在其它操作符能达到相同目的的时候应该使用其他操作符
  2. 在确定要使用通配符石尽量不要把通配符永在搜索模式到开始处。
  3. 应该仔细注意通配符的位置.

6.创建计算字段

存储在表中的数据有时候都不是应用程序所需要的,需要从数据库中转换、计算出来,比如有商品的价格和数量,打印报表的时候需要打印出总价,这就是计算字段的概念。

6.1拼接字段

mysql> select CONCAT(cust_name,'  (', cust_email,'   )') as customer_email From Customers;
+------------------------------------------+
| customer_email                           |
+------------------------------------------+
| Village Toys  (sales@villagetoys.com   ) |
| NULL                                     |
| Fun4All  (jjones@fun4all.com   )         |
| Fun4All  (dstephens@fun4all.com   )      |
| NULL                                     |
+------------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6.2算术计算

Orders中包含所用订单,OrderItems表包含每个订单中的各项物品,检索订单号为20008的所有物品:

mysql> Select prod_id,quantity,item_price FROM OrderItems
    -> WHERE order_num=20008;
+---------+----------+------------+
| prod_id | quantity | item_price |
+---------+----------+------------+
| RGAN01  |        5 |          5 |
| BR03    |        5 |         12 |
| BNBG01  |       10 |          3 |
| BNBG02  |       10 |          3 |
| BNBG03  |       10 |          3 |
+---------+----------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

计算总价:

mysql> SELECT prod_id,quantity,item_price,quantity*item_price as expanded_price  FROM OrderItems where order_num=20008;
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
| prod_id | quantity | item_price | expanded_price |
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
| RGAN01  |        5 |          5 |             25 |
| BR03    |        5 |         12 |             60 |
| BNBG01  |       10 |          3 |             30 |
| BNBG02  |       10 |          3 |             30 |
| BNBG03  |       10 |          3 |             30 |
+---------+----------+------------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7.SQL 函数


为了数据的转换和处理方便,SQL提供了函数用来处理文本字符串、进行算术操作、处理日期和时间值、返回DBMS所使用的特殊信息。

7.1、文本处理函数

文本处理函数常用的大小写转换、清除空格、统计长度、返回SOUNDEX同音字符串等。
大写转换使用UPPER()函数:

mysql>  select UPPER(cust_name) FROM Customers; 
+------------------+
| UPPER(cust_name) |
+------------------+
| VILLAGE TOYS     |
| KIDS PLACE       |
| FUN4ALL          |
| FUN4ALL          |
| THE TOY STORE    |
+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

小写转换使用LOWER()函数:

select LOWER(cust_name) FROM Customers; 

SOUNDEX用于返回同音字符串,比如在Customers表中cust_contact列的名字为Michelle Green,如果输入错误Michael Green将会查不到结果:

mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact FROM Customers  where cust_contact = 'Michael Green';
Empty set (0.00 sec)

使用SOUNDEX函数后:

mysql> SELECT cust_name,cust_contact FROM Customers  where SOUNDEX(cust_contact) =SOUNDEX('Michael Green');
+------------+----------------+
| cust_name  | cust_contact   |
+------------+----------------+
| Kids Place | Michelle Green |
+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

7.2、时间和日期处理函数

提取日期年份(说明:不同的DBMS对日期处理函数的支持不一样,这里使用的是mysql):

查询2010年的订单:

mysql> select * from Orders WHERE YEAR(ORDER_DATE)=2010;
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
| order_num | order_date          | cust_id    |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
|     20010 | 2010-05-27 00:00:00 | 1000000010 |
|     20011 | 2010-09-27 00:00:00 | 1000000011 |
|     20013 | 2010-11-12 00:00:00 | 1000000013 |
|     20015 | 2010-04-15 00:00:00 | 1000000015 |
+-----------+---------------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

7.3、数值处理函数

数值处理函数可以用户代数、三角或几何运算。

函数说明
ABS()返回一个数的绝对值
COS()返回一个角度的余弦值
EXP()返回一个数的指数值
PI()返回圆周率
SIN()返回一个角度的正弦值
SORT()返回一个数的平方根
TAN()返回一个角度的正切

7.4、聚集函数

聚集函数可以用来求和、求平均值、求最大最小值、统计行数、求标准差。
以Products表的pord_price列为例:

求和SUM():

mysql> select SUM(prod_price) AS SUM  FROM Products;
+-------+
| SUM   |
+-------+
| 61.41 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

求平均值AVG():

mysql> select AVG(prod_price) AS AVG  FROM Products;
+----------+
| AVG      |
+----------+
| 6.823333 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

求最大值MAX()

mysql> select MAX(prod_price) AS MAX_PRICE  FROM Products;
+-----------+
| MAX_PRICE |
+-----------+
|     11.99 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

求最小值MIN()

mysql> select MIN(prod_price) AS MIN_PRICE FROM Products;
+-----------+
| MIN_PRICE |
+-----------+
|      3.49 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

统计行数COUNT()

mysql> select COUNT(*) AS TOTAL FROM PRODUCTS;
+-------+
| TOTAL |
+-------+
|     9 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

求标准差STD()

mysql> select STD(prod_price) AS STD FROM PRODUCTS;
+----------+
| STD      |
+----------+
| 3.036811 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

组合使用聚集函数

select语句可以根据需求同时使用多个聚集函数:

mysql> select COUNT(*) AS  总个数,Max(prod_price) AS  最高价格 from Products;
+-----------+--------------+
| 总个数    | 最高价格     |
+-----------+--------------+
|         9 |        11.99 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

7.5 使用GROUP BY分组

ORDER BY子句用于WHERE语句之后,ORDER BY子句之前。
以OrderItems表为列,先把OrderItems表列出来:

mysql> select * from OrderItems;
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
| order_num | order_item | prod_id | quantity | item_price |
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
|     20005 |          1 | BR01    |      100 |          5 |
|     20005 |          2 | BR03    |      100 |         11 |
|     20006 |          1 | BR01    |       20 |          6 |
|     20006 |          2 | BR02    |       10 |          9 |
|     20006 |          3 | BR03    |       10 |         12 |
|     20007 |          1 | BR03    |       50 |         11 |
|     20007 |          2 | BNBG01  |      100 |          3 |
|     20007 |          3 | BNBG02  |      100 |          3 |
|     20007 |          4 | BNBG03  |      100 |          3 |
|     20007 |          5 | RGAN01  |       50 |          4 |
|     20008 |          1 | RGAN01  |        5 |          5 |
|     20008 |          2 | BR03    |        5 |         12 |
|     20008 |          3 | BNBG01  |       10 |          3 |
|     20008 |          4 | BNBG02  |       10 |          3 |
|     20008 |          5 | BNBG03  |       10 |          3 |
|     20009 |          1 | BNBG01  |      250 |          2 |
|     20009 |          2 | BNBG02  |      250 |          2 |
|     20009 |          3 | BNBG03  |      250 |          2 |
+-----------+------------+---------+----------+------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

如果要查出来prod_id为BNG01、BNG02。。。的各有多少个,可以使用GROUP BY,聚集的时候先分组数据,然后统计:

mysql> select prod_id,COUNT(*) AS prod_num from OrderItems group by prod_id;
+---------+----------+
| prod_id | prod_num |
+---------+----------+
| BNBG01  |        3 |
| BNBG02  |        3 |
| BNBG03  |        3 |
| BR01    |        2 |
| BR02    |        1 |
| BR03    |        4 |
| RGAN01  |        2 |
+---------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

当需要引用一个条件,而该条件需要引用一个聚集函数的时候,使用HAVING子句,比如在上面的分组查询中,筛选个数大于2的:

mysql> select prod_id,COUNT(*) AS prod_num from OrderItems group by prod_id HAVING COUNT(*)>2;
+---------+----------+
| prod_id | prod_num |
+---------+----------+
| BNBG01  |        3 |
| BNBG02  |        3 |
| BNBG03  |        3 |
| BR03    |        4 |
+---------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

esc_ai

你的鼓励将是我创作的最大动力

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付:¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足,请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值