mysql主从

最新推荐文章于 2022-07-27 15:16:52 发布

贰三

最新推荐文章于 2022-07-27 15:16:52 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/natmazz/article/details/90286736

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文章目录

1. 主从简介
- 1.1 主从作用
- 1.2 主从形式
2. 主从复制原理
3. 主从复制配置

1. 主从简介

在现代企业中，数据显得尤为重要，而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门，但无论是何种数据库，均存在着一种隐患。

想几个问题：

用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？
业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？

1.1 主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

一主一从
主主复制
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志）文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
配置从数据库（修改配置文件）
需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作
环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	172.16.12.128	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	172.16.12.129	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	无数据

3.1 mysql安装

分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本，此处略过安装步骤，若有疑问请参考《mysql基础》与《mysql进阶》两篇文章。

//安装依赖包
[root@yh ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
Installing:
 cmake                   x86_64           2.8.12.2-2.el7                 myrepo           7.0 M
 mariadb-devel           x86_64           1:5.5.56-2.el7                 myrepo           752 k
 ncurses-devel           x86_64           5.9-13.20130511.el7            myrepo           713 k
Installing for dependencies:
 libarchive              x86_64           3.1.2-10.el7_2                 myrepo           319 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Install  3 Packages (+1 Dependent package)

Total download size: 8.8 M
.....
Installed:
  cmake.x86_64 0:2.8.12.2-2.el7                      mariadb-devel.x86_64 1:5.5.56-2.el7
  ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-13.20130511.el7

Dependency Installed:
  libarchive.x86_64 0:3.1.2-10.el7_2

Complete!


//创建用户和组
[root@yh src]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@yh src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql


//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@yh ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@yh src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
--2018-08-13 23:56:27--  https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)... 137.254.60.14
Connecting to downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)|137.254.60.14|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: https://cdn.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.7/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [following]
......
Saving to: ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz’

100%[=====================================>] 643,790,848 2.46MB/s   in 4m 20s

2018-08-14 00:00:50 (2.36 MB/s) - ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz’saved [643790848/643790848]



//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@yh src]# ls
debug  kernels  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@yh ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  games    lib    libexec                              sbin   src
etc  include  lib64  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  share
[root@yh ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@yh local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
[root@yh local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root  36 Aug 14 16:00 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root 129 Aug 14 00:16 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  49 Jun 13 19:03 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 Mar 10  2016 src


//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@yh ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@yh ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 Aug 14 16:00 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/



//添加环境变量
[root@yh ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[root@yh ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@yh ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@yh ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin



//建立数据存放目录
[root@yh mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@yh mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@yh mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data



//初始化数据库
[root@yh ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2019-04-29T04:05:32.038502Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-04-29T04:05:32.499955Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-04-29T04:05:32.613609Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-04-29T04:05:32.669108Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 089a6629-6a34-11e9-b210-000c295c6114.
2019-04-29T04:05:32.672769Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-04-29T04:05:32.673879Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: rFpVEXawu9#:
//请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是 rFpVEXawu9
//再次注意，这个密码是随机的，你的不会跟我一样，一定要记住这个密码，因为一会登录时会用到


//配置mysql
[root@yh ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[root@yh ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@yh ~]# ldconfig -v
ldconfig: Can't stat /libx32: No such file or directory
ldconfig: Path `/usr/lib' given more than once
ldconfig: Path `/usr/lib64' given more than once
ldconfig: Can't stat /usr/libx32: No such file or directory
/usr/lib64/mysql:
        libmysqlclient.so.18 -> libmysqlclient_r.so
/usr/local/mysql/lib:
        libmysqlclient.so.20 -> libmysqlclient.so.20.3.9 
......
/lib/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/tls: (hwcap: 0x8000000000000000)
[root@yh ~]# ldconfig -p |grep mysql
        libmysqlclient.so.20 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.20
        libmysqlclient.so.18 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so.18
        libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so
        libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so
        

//生成配置文件
[root@yh ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF


//配置服务启动脚本
[root@yh ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@yh ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@yh ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld



//启动mysql
[root@yh ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!  
[root@yh ~]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root       1521      1  0 01:58 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/binmysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
mysql      1699   1521  0 01:58 pts/0    00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=localhost.localdomain.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root       1734   1301  0 01:59 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[root@yh ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128         *:22                      *:*
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                      *:*
LISTEN      0      128        :::22                     :::*
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                     :::*
LISTEN      0      80         :::3306                   :::* 
 
 

//修改密码
//使用临时密码登录
[root@yh ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

//设置新密码
mysql> set password = password('yh123456');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye

3.2 mysql主从配置(2个新的mysql服务器)

在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'yh'@'192.168.19.140' identified by 'yh';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'yh'@'192.168.19.140';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

配置主数据库

[root@yh ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

log-bin = mysql-bin
server-id = 1
log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log

重启mysql服务

[root@yh ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

查看主库的状态

r/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -pyh123456 -e 'show master status;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

配置从数据库

[root@yh1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve


server-id=2
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log



[root@yh1 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

配置并启动主从复制

[root@yh1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pyh123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='192.168.19.128',
    -> master_user='yh',
    -> master_password='yh',
    -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec)

\\在主服务器上关闭防火墙 selinux

mysql> stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.19.128
                  Master_User: yh
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB:

测试验证

在主服务器创建aiwhs库和it表并插入数据：

mysql> create database yh1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use yh1
Database changed

mysql> create table student1 (name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student values ('tom',20),('jerry',23),('wangqing',25);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student1;
+----------+------+
| name     | age  |
+----------+------+
| tom      |   20 |
| jerry    |   23 |
| wangqing |   25 |
+----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

[root@yh1 ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -pyh123456 -e 'select * from yh1.student1;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----------+------+
| name     | age  |
+----------+------+
| tom      |   20 |
| jerry    |   23 |
| wangqing |   25 |
+----------+------+

3.3 mysql主从配置

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

先查看主库有哪些库

[root@yh ~]# mysql -uroot -pyh123456 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yh1                |
+--------------------+

再查看从库有哪些库

[root@yh1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pyh123456 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yh1                |
+--------------------+

全备主库
全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致

mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出

备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库

[root@yh ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pyh123456 --all-databases >/opt/all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@yh ~]# ls /opt/
all.sql  my.cnf  mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  mysqld

解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可

mysql> quit
Bye

在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库，确保与主库一致

[root@yh1 ~]# cd /opt/
[root@yh1 ~]# ll
total 630544
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     792967 May 15 07:50 all-201905151548.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root        155 May 15 06:20 my.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 7161 31415 644862820 Dec 21 11:23 mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10601 May 15 06:20 mysqld
[root@yh1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pjbgsn123! < all-201905151548.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@yh1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pyh123456 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
|   yh1              |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+