Mysql进阶
目录
二进制格式mysql安装
二进制安装官网下载地址：https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/
软件包下载完成后：
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz to.sh
[root@localhost ~]#
解压，此处解压到/usr/local/下
[root@localhost local]# tar -xf /root/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ls
bin games lib libexec sbin src
etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share
[root@localhost local]#
创建一个没有家目录，不能登录，系统的mysql普通用户[root@localhost local]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@localhost local]# id mysql
uid=995(mysql) gid=992(mysql) groups=992(mysql)
[root@localhost local]#
------------------
创建软连接，方便操作
[root@localhost local]# ln -s mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
[root@localhost local]#
------------------------
设置属主属组均是mysql
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql
mysql/ mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql*
[root@localhost local]# ll
'total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Jun 28 19:54 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 Jul 27 13:13 mysql -> mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 129 Jul 27 13:11 mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Jun 28 19:54 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22
-------------------------------------------
设置MySQL的环境变量
[root@localhost local]# vi /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost local]# cat /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
[root@localhost local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost local]# which mysql
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
[root@localhost local]#
--------------------
建立数据存放的目录
[root@localhost local]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@localhost local]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 Jul 27 13:17 data
[root@localhost local]#
---------------
初始化数据库
[root@localhost local]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2022-07-27T05:18:52.100180Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2022-07-27T05:18:52.610243Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2022-07-27T05:18:52.685351Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.698929Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 9abb6b21-0d6b-11ed-b874-000c297f82fa.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.700094Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.869426Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.869452Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.869767Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-07-27T05:18:52.895154Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 9n2<g!Tu(qy_
9n2<g!Tu(qy_ 为随机密码
-----------------------------------
生成配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
sedir = /usr/local/mysql #安装目录
datadir = /opt/data #数据目录
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock #套接字分俩个目录 /tmp/mysql.sock或/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
port = 3306 #端口号
user = mysql #用户
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid #进程文件
skip-name-resolve #跳过域名解析
#skip-grant-tables #跳过密码授权
server-id=1 #服务id
log-bin=mysql-bin #开启日志服务
[root@localhost ~]#
--------------------------------------
mysql.server脚本的配置与启动::
#找到mysql.server
[root@localhost support-files]# pwd
/usr/local/mysql/support-files（支持的文件）
[root@localhost support-files]# ls
magic mysqld_multi.server mysql-log-rotate (mysql.server)
#确定脚本复制到/init.d下，并且具有执行权限
[root@localhost support-files]# file mysql.server
mysql.server: POSIX shell script, ASCII text executable（脚本类型）
[root@localhost support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost support-files]# ll /etc/init.d/
total 36
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18434 Feb 15 23:09 functions
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10576 May 5 14:32 mysqld
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1161 Feb 1 17:04 README
#修改脚本(46,47行)
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
46 basedir=/usr/local/mysql
47 datadir=/opt/data
#启动方法1：
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
#启动方法2：
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start #版本6的方式开启
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig mysqld on #开机自启
---------------------------
第二种方法，写servic文件
[root@localhost system]# find /usr -name mysql.server
/usr/local/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/support-files/mysql.server
[root@localhost system]# pwd
/etc/systemd/system
[root@localhost system]# vi mysqld.service
[root@localhost system]# cat mysqld.service
[Unit]
Description=mysql Logging Service
After=network.target network-online.target
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart= /usr/local/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/support-files/mysql.server start
ExecStop = /usr/local/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/support-files/mysql.server stop
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@localhost system]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost system]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@localhost system]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
[root@localhost system]#
----------------------------------
登录
[root@localhost system]# cat /root/password
9n2<g!Tu(qy_
hello
[root@localhost system]# mysql -uroot -p'9n2<g!Tu(qy_'
mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[root@localhost system]# yum -y provides libncureses
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Last metadata expiration check: 0:11:07 ago on Wed Jul 27 13:39:59 2022.
Error: No Matches found
#报错就解决，安装服务
[root@localhost system]# yum -y provides libncurses.so.5
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Last metadata expiration check: 0:11:19 ago on Wed Jul 27 13:39:59 2022.
ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility libraries
Repo : baseos
Matched from:
Provide : libncurses.so.5
ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility libraries
Repo : baseos
Matched from:
Provide : libncurses.so.5
[root@localhost system]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs
---------------
改密码
[root@localhost system]# mysql -uroot -p'9n2<g!Tu(qy_'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.38
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password=password('123');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@localhost system]# mysql -uroot -p'123'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@localhost system]#
mysql配置文件
mysql`的配置文件为`/etc/my.cnf
配置文件查找次序：若在多个配置文件中均有设定，则最后找到的最终生效
/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FILE --> ~/.my.cnf
mysql常用配置文件参数：
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| port = 3306 | 设置监听端口 |
| socket = /tmp/mysql.sock | 指定套接字文件位置 |
| basedir = /usr/local/mysql | 指定MySQL的安装路径 |
| datadir = /data/mysql | 指定MySQL的数据存放路径 |
| pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid | 指定进程ID文件存放路径 |
| user = mysql | 指定MySQL以什么用户的身份提供服务 |
| skip-name-resolve | 禁止MySQL对外部连接进行DNS解析 使用这一选项可以消除MySQL进行DNS解析的时间。 若开启该选项，则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用IP地址方 式否则MySQL将无法正常处理连接请求 |
多表联合查询
什么是多表联合查询
前面所讲的查询语句都是针对一个表的，但是在关系型数据库中，表与表之间是有联系的，所以在实际应用中，经常使用多表查询。多表查询就是同时查询两个或两个以上的表。 在 MySQL 中，多表查询主要有交叉连接、内连接、外连接、分组查询与子查询等5种。
交叉连接(CROSS JOIN)
笛卡尔积
交叉连接(CROSS JOIN)：有两种，显式的和隐式的2种，一般用来返回连接表的笛卡尔积。 笛卡尔积（Cartesian product）是指两个集合 X 和 Y 的乘积。 例如，有 A 和 B 两个集合，它们的值如下：
A = {1,2}
B = {3,4,5}
集合 A×B 和 B×A 的结果集分别表示为：
A×B={(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5) };
B×A={(3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (5,1), (5,2) };
以上 A×B 和 B×A 的结果就叫做两个集合的笛卡尔积。
并且，从以上结果我们可以看出：
-
两个集合相乘，不满足交换率，即 A×B≠B×A。
-
A 集合和 B 集合的笛卡尔积是 A 集合的元素个数 × B 集合的元素个数。
多表查询遵循的算法就是以上提到的笛卡尔积，表与表之间的连接可以看成是在做乘法运算。在实际应用中，应避免使用笛卡尔积，因为笛卡尔积中容易存在大量的不合理数据，简单来说就是容易导致查询结果重复、混乱。
交叉连接
交叉连接的语法格式如下： SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1> CROSS JOIN <表2> [WHERE子句]; 或 SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1>, <表2> [WHERE子句];
语法说明如下：
-
字段名：需要查询的字段名称。
-
<表1><表2>：需要交叉连接的表名。
-
WHERE 子句：用来设置交叉连接的查询条件。
注意：多个表交叉连接时，在 FROM 后连续使用 CROSS JOIN 或,即可。以上两种语法的返回结果是相同的，但是第一种语法才是官方建议的标准写法。
当连接的表之间没有关系时，我们会省略掉 WHERE 子句，这时返回结果就是两个表的笛卡尔积，返回结果数量就是两个表的数据行相乘。需要注意的是，如果每个表有 1000 行，那么返回结果的数量就有 1000×1000 = 1000000 行，数据量是非常巨大的。
交叉连接可以查询两个或两个以上的表，为了更好的理解，我们就讲解两个表的交叉连接查询。 例 1 查询学生信息表和科目信息表，并得到一个笛卡尔积。
为了方便观察学生信息表和科目表交叉连接后的运行结果，我们先分别查询出这两个表的数据，再进行交叉连接查询。 1）查询 tb_students_info 表中的数据，SQL 语句和运行结果如下
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database tangyuxuan CHARACTER SET utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_tangyuxuan |
+----------------------+
| tb_students_info |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc tb_students_info
-> ;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| height | float | YES | | NULL | |
| course_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-----------------------------
mysql> insert tb_students_info (name,age,sex,height,course_id) values ('Dany',25,'W',160,1),('Green',23,'w',158,2),('Henry',23,'m',185,1),('Jane',22,'w',12,3),('Jim',24,'m',175,2),('john',21,'m',172,4),('Lilyi',22,'m',165,4),('Suan',23,'w',170,5),('Thomas',22,'w',178,5),('Tom',23,'w',165,5);
Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
--------------------------
查询 tb_course 表中的数据，SQL 语句和运行结果如下：
mysql> insert tb_course (id,course_name) values (1,'java'),(2,'mysql'),(3,'python'),(4,'go'),(5,'c++');
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tb_course;
+------+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+------+-------------+
| 1 | java |
| 2 | mysql |
| 3 | python |
| 4 | go |
| 5 | c++ |
+------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
-------------------
使用 CROSS JOIN 查询出两张表中的笛卡尔积，SQL 语句和运行结果如下：
+------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | java | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | mysql | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 3 | python | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 4 | go | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 5 | c++ | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 |
| 1 | java | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 2 | mysql | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | python | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 4 | go | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 5 | c++ | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 |
| 1 | java | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 2 | mysql | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 3 | python | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | go | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 5 | c++ | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 |
| 1 | java | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 2 | mysql | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 3 | python | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 4 | go | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 5 | c++ | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 |
| 1 | java | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 2 | mysql | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 3 | python | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 4 | go | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 5 | c++ | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 |
| 1 | java | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 2 | mysql | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 3 | python | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 4 | go | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 5 | c++ | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 |
| 1 | java | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 2 | mysql | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 3 | python | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 4 | go | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 5 | c++ | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 |
| 1 | java | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 2 | mysql | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 3 | python | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 4 | go | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 5 | c++ | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 |
| 1 | java | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 2 | mysql | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 3 | python | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 4 | go | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 5 | c++ | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 |
| 1 | java | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
| 2 | mysql | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
| 3 | python | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
| 4 | go | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
| 5 | c++ | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 |
+------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
50 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
由运行结果可以看出，tb_course 和 tb_students_info 表交叉连接查询后，返回了 50 条记录。可以想象，当表中的数据较多时，得到的运行结果会非常长，而且得到的运行结果也没太大的意义。所以，通过交叉连接的方式进行多表查询的这种方法并不常用，我们应该尽量避免这种查询。
例 2 查询 tb_course 表中的 id 字段和 tb_students_info 表中的 course_id 字段相等的内容， SQL 语句和运行结果如下：
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb_course CROSS JOIN tb_students_info WHERE tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id; +------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | +------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | java | 1 | Dany | 25 | W | 160 | 1 | | 2 | mysql | 2 | Green | 23 | w | 158 | 2 | | 1 | java | 3 | Henry | 23 | m | 185 | 1 | | 3 | python | 4 | Jane | 22 | w | 12 | 3 | | 2 | mysql | 5 | Jim | 24 | m | 175 | 2 | | 4 | go | 6 | john | 21 | m | 172 | 4 | | 4 | go | 7 | Lilyi | 22 | m | 165 | 4 | | 5 | c++ | 8 | Suan | 23 | w | 170 | 5 | | 5 | c++ | 9 | Thomas | 22 | w | 178 | 5 | | 5 | c++ | 10 | Tom | 23 | w | 165 | 5 | +------+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
如果在交叉连接时使用 WHERE 子句，MySQL 会先生成两个表的笛卡尔积，然后再选择满足 WHERE 条件的记录。因此，表的数量较多时，交叉连接会非常非常慢。一般情况下不建议使用交叉连接。
在 MySQL 中，多表查询一般使用内连接和外连接，它们的效率要高于交叉连接。
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