通信:
whereis(进程名) 判断节点是否存在该进程名,存在则返回进程PID,否则返回undefined
<span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">-module(tut).
-export([logon/1,logoff/0,send/2,clint/2])<span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span><span style="font-size:18px;">
%%% %%% %%% %%% command
server_node() ->
fa.
logon(Name) ->
case whereis(mess_client) of
undefined ->
register(mess_client,spawn(tut,client,[server_node(),Name]));
_ -> already_logon
end.
logoff() ->
mess_client ! logoff.
send(ToName,Message) ->
case whereis(mess_client) of
undefined ->
not_loged;
_ ->
mess_client ! {message_to,ToName,Message}
end.
%%% %%% %%% %%% client
client(Server_Node,Name) ->
{messager,Server_Node} ! {self(),logon,Name},
await_result(),
client(Server_Node).
await_result() ->
receive
{messager,stop,Why} ->
io:format("stop, ~p~n",[Why]),
exit(normal);
{messager,What} ->
io:format("~p~n",[What])
end.
client(Server_Node) ->
receive
logoff ->
{messager,Server_Node} ! {self(),logoff},
exit(normal);
{message_to,ToName,Message} ->
{messager,Server_Node} ! {self(),message,ToName,Message},
await_result();
{message_from,Name,Message} ->
io:format("message_from ~p: ~p~n",[Name,Message])
end,</span><pre name="code" class="plain"><span style="white-space:pre"> </span>client(Server_Node).</span>
kememmber(值,位置,列表)查找是否列表中每个数组在指定位置是该值,返回true,false;
keydelete同上,删除操作,返回列表;
keyserch同上,查找操作,存在返回{value,列表元素},否则返回false
<span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">-module(tut4).
-export([start_server/0]).
start_server() ->
register(messager,spawn(tut4,server,[[]])).
server(User_List) ->
receive
{From,logon,Name} ->
NewLs = server_Logon(From,Name,User_List),
server(NewLs);
{From,logoff} ->
NewLs = server_Logoff(From,User_List),
server(NewLs);
{From,message,ToName,Message} ->
server_transfer(From,ToName,Message,User_List),
io:format("list is now: ~p~n",[User_List]),
server(User_List)
end.
server_Logon(From,Name,User_List) ->
case lists:keymember(Name,2,User_List) of
true ->
From ! {messager,stop,user_exit},
User_List;
false ->
From ! {messager,loged_on},
[{From,Name} | User_List]
end.
server_Logoff(From,User_List) ->
list:keydelete(From,1,User_List).
server_transfer(From,ToName,Message,User_List) ->
case list:keysearch(From,1,User_List) of
{value,{From,Name}} ->
server_transfer(From,Name,ToName,Message,User_List);
false ->
From ! {messager,stop,you_are_not_logon}
end.
server_transfer(From,Name,ToName,Message,User_List) ->
case list:keysearch(ToName,2,User_List) of
{value,{ToPID,ToName}} ->
ToPID ! {message_from,Name,Message},
From ! {messager,sent};
false ->
From ! {messager,receiver_not_found}
end.
</span></span></span>
鲁棒性:
上个例子如果client不退出,将一直持有该client。
Timeout:
当进入receive就会开始after 5000,当receive满足条件,timeout被取消;
否则直到5000毫秒执行after;
after必须放在receive最后;
<span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">-module(tut).
-export([start_pong/0,start_ping/1]).
start_pong() ->
register(pong,spawn(tut,pong,[])).
pong() ->
receive
{ping,Ping_PID} ->
io:format("pong receive ping~n"),
Ping_PID ! pong,
pong()
after 5000 ->
io:format("pong timed out~n")
end.
start_ping(Pong_Node) ->
spawn(tut,ping,[3,Pong_Node]).
ping(0,Pong_Node) ->
io:format("ping finished ~n");
ping(N,Pong_Node) ->
{pong,Pong_Node} ! {ping,self()},
receive
pong ->
io:format("ping receive pong~n")
end,
ping(N - 1,Pong_Node).
</span></span>
link(Other_PID),在PID进程与当前进程建立连接;
当一个进程结束,它发送信号给连接的进程;
信号包含结束进程PID和结束原因;
默认行为当进程收到normal信号则忽略它且链接进程不会结束;
spawn_link和spawn一样,多个创建链接;
<span style="font-size:18px;">-module(tut).
-export([start/0,client/0,logoff/0,ping/1,isexit/0]).
isexit() ->
case whereis(single) of
undefined ->
io:format("not exit~n");
_ ->
io:format("exit~n")
end.
start() ->
PID = spawn(tut,client,[]),
register(single,PID),
spawn(tut,ping,[PID]).
logoff() ->
single ! logoff.
client() ->
receive
logoff ->
exit(normal)
end.
ping(PID) ->
link(PID),
exit(normal).
</span>
把函数ping 的exit(normal)改成exit(ping) 结果:
可以更改进程的默认行为,以便它收到异常退出信号时不会被杀死,但是所有的信号都会被转化为正常的消息,格式为{‘EXIT’,FromID,Reason}并被添加到消息队列中,设置方法:
process_flag(trap_exit,true),同样还有其他的标记;
该例子中client不会结束,但会收到信号消息,输出后结束,同样会捕获exit(normal);
<span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="font-size:18px;">-module(tut).
-export([start/0,client/0,logoff/0,ping/1,isexit/0]).
isexit() ->
case whereis(single) of
undefined ->
io:format("not exit~n");
_ ->
io:format("exit~n")
end.
start() ->
PID = spawn(tut,client,[]),
register(single,PID),
spawn(tut,ping,[PID]).
logoff() ->
single ! logoff.
client() ->
process_flag(trap_exit,true),
receive
logoff ->
exit(normal);
{'EXIT',From,Reson} ->
io:format("pong get~p~n",[{'exit',From,Reson}])
end.
ping(PID) ->
link(PID),
exit(ping).
</span></span>
Records and macros:
config.hrl
-record(name_of_record,{field1,field2,...}}.
等价于:
-record({name_of_record,field1,field2,...}}.
<span style="font-size:18px;">%%% server_client_interface
-record(logon,{clientPID,name}).
-record(abort,{reason}).
-record(reply,{message}).
-record(logoff,{name}).
</span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">%%% server
-module(tut).
-export([start/0,server/1]).
-include("mess_interface.hrl").
start() ->
process_flag(trap_exit,true),
register(messenger,spawn(?MODULE,server,[[]])).
server(User_Ls) ->
receive
#logon{clientPID = FromPID,name = Name} ->
NewLs = server_Logon(FromPID,Name,User_Ls),
io:format("userlist ~p~n",[NewLs]),
server(NewLs);
{'EXIT',FromPID,_} ->
NewLs = server_logoff(FromPID,User_Ls),
io:format("userlist ~p~n",[NewLs]),
server(NewLs);
{logoff,FromPID} ->
NewLs = server_logoff(FromPID,User_Ls),
io:format("userlist ~p~n",[NewLs]),
server(NewLs)
end.
server_Logon(FromPID,Name,User_Ls) ->
case lists:keymember(Name,2,User_Ls) of
true ->
FromPID ! #abort{reason = user_exit},
User_Ls;
false ->
FromPID ! #reply{message = logon},
link(FromPID),
[{FromPID,Name} | User_Ls]
end.
server_logoff(FromPID,User_Ls) ->
list:keydelete(FromPID,1,User_Ls).
</span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">%%% client
-module(tut4).
-export([client/2]).
-include("mess_interface.hrl").
client(Server_Node,Name) ->
{messenger,Server_Node} ! #logon{clientPID = self(),name = Name},
await_result(),
client(Server_Node).
await_result() ->
receive
#abort{reason = Why} ->
io:format("abort ~p~n",[Why]);
#reply{message = What} ->
io:format("reply ~p~n",[What])
end.
client(Server_Node) ->
receive
logoff ->
exit(normal)
end.
</span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">%%% config.hrl
-define(server_node,server@wsy).
</span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">%%% user_interface
-module(tut5).
-export([logon/1,logoff/0]).
-include("config.hrl").
logon(Name) ->
case whereis(client) of
undefined ->
register(client,spawn(tut4,client,[?server_node,Name]));
_ ->
already_logon
end.
logoff() ->
client ! logoff.
</span>