kotlin汇总8-其他2

1.Null安全

1.1通过代码来理解

var a: String = "abc"
val l = a.length // ok
a = null // compilation error

var b: String? = "abc"
val l = b.length // error: variable 'b' can be null
b = null // ok

1.2安全调用

b?.length
bob?.department?.head?.name
//如果是java需要下面着这样写
if(bob == null) return null;
if(bob.department == null) return null;
if(bob.department.head == null) return null;
return bob.department.head.name;

1.3 ?:操作符

val l: Int = if (b != null) b.length else -1
//和下面一样
val l = b?.length ?: -1

也可以在后面接语句

fun foo(node: Node): String? {
    val parent = node.getParent() ?: return null
    val name = node.getName() ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("name expected")
    // ...
}

1.4 !!操作符

val l = b!!.length //如果b是null，会抛出空指针错误

2.Exceptions

在kotlin，所有的exception类都是继承自Throwable, 和Java基本一致。

try {
    // some code
}
catch (e: SomeException) {
    // handler
}
finally {
    // optional finally block
}

3.Annotations 注释

使用annotation修饰

annotation class Fancy

@Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS, AnnotationTarget.FUNCTION,
        AnnotationTarget.VALUE_PARAMETER, AnnotationTarget.EXPRESSION)
@Retention(AnnotationRetention.SOURCE)
@MustBeDocumented
annotation class Fancy

annotations可以有带参的构造函数

annotation class Special(val why: String)

@Special("example") class Foo {}

参数类型可以是：
- types that correspond to Java primitive types (Int, Long etc.);
- strings;
- classes (Foo::class);
- enums;
- other annotations;
- arrays of the types listed above.
看下几个例子

annotation class ReplaceWith(val expression: String)

annotation class Deprecated(
        val message: String,
        val replaceWith: ReplaceWith = ReplaceWith(""))

@Deprecated("This function is deprecated, use === instead", ReplaceWith("this === other"))

import kotlin.reflect.KClass

annotation class Ann(val arg1: KClass<*>, val arg2: KClass<out Any?>)

@Ann(String::class, Int::class) class MyClass

lambdas也可以用annotation修饰

annotation class Suspendable

val f = @Suspendable { Fiber.sleep(10) }

给使用指定位置加上注释,可以给属性或者基础构造函数的参数加上。

class Example(@field:Ann val foo,    // annotate Java field
              @get:Ann val bar,      // annotate Java getter
              @param:Ann val quux)   // annotate Java constructor parameter

@file:JvmName("Foo")

package org.jetbrains.demo

class Example {
     @set:[Inject VisibleForTesting]
     var collaborator: Collaborator
}

有下面是支持的
- file
- property (annotations with this target are not visible to Java)
- field
- get (property getter)
- set (property setter)
- receiver (receiver parameter of an extension function or property)
- param (constructor parameter)
- setparam (property setter parameter)
- delegate (the field storing the delegate instance for a delegated property)

另外Java的annotation也可以用在kotlin中。

4.反射

在java平台，需要引入kotlin-reflect.jar来使用反射。

4.1类反射

val c = MyClass::class //是KClass

4.2函数反射

fun isOdd(x: Int) = x % 2 != 0
val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3)
println(numbers.filter(::isOdd)) // prints [1, 3] //::isOdd等于 (Int) -> Boolean

4.3属性反射

var x = 1

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println(::x.get()) // prints "1"
    ::x.set(2)
    println(x)         // prints "2"
}

4.4和Java反射互用

import kotlin.reflect.jvm.*

class A(val p: Int)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println(A::p.javaGetter) // prints "public final int A.getP()"
    println(A::p.javaField)  // prints "private final int A.p"
}

4.5构造函数反射

class Foo

fun function(factory: () -> Foo) {
    val x: Foo = factory()
}

function(::Foo) //::Foo是无参构造函数

5.类型安全的Builders

比较像groovy，可以阅读下面代码

import com.example.html.* // see declarations below

fun result(args: Array<String>) =
    html {
        head {
            title {+"XML encoding with Kotlin"}
        }
        body {
            h1 {+"XML encoding with Kotlin"}
            p  {+"this format can be used as an alternative markup to XML"}

            // an element with attributes and text content
            a(href = "http://kotlinlang.org") {+"Kotlin"}

            // mixed content
            p {
                +"This is some"
                b {+"mixed"}
                +"text. For more see the"
                a(href = "http://kotlinlang.org") {+"Kotlin"}
                +"project"
            }
            p {+"some text"}

            // content generated by
            p {
                for (arg in args)
                    +arg
            }
        }
    }

6.类型别名

使用typealias关键字修饰

typealias NodeSet = Set<Network.Node>

typealias FileTable<K> = MutableMap<K, MutableList<File>>

typealias MyHandler = (Int, String, Any) -> Unit

typealias Predicate<T> = (T) -> Boolean

class A {
    inner class Inner
}
class B {
    inner class Inner
}

typealias AInner = A.Inner
typealias BInner = B.Inner