虚拟化介绍
虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说,虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机,虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源,但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。
物理机我们一般称为宿主机(Host),宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机(Guest)。
那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化,并提供给 Guest 使用的呢?
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。
根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置,虚拟化又分为两种:
- 全虚拟化
- 半虚拟化
虚拟化技术优势:
- 降低资金成本和运维成本
- 最大限度减少或消除停机
- 提高IT部门的工作效率、效益、敏捷性和响应能力
- 加快应用和资源的置备速度
- 提高业务连续性和灾难恢复能力
- 简化数据中心管理
- 提供真正的软件定义中心
KVM
kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko,只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
那 IO 的虚拟化,比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
作为一个 Hypervisor,KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。
其实,Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor,还能管理 Xen,VirtualBox 等。
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西:后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
- libvirtd是服务程序,接收和处理 API 请求;
- API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具,比如 virt-manager,这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具;
- virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
KVM部署
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况:
- 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
- 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
环境:
系统类型 | IP | |
---|---|---|
KVM1 | redhat8 | 192.168.8.129 |
KVM2 | centos7 | 192.168.8.127 |
KVM-web | centos7 | 192.168.8.128 |
KVM1操作
# 安装软件包
[root@KVM1 ~]# dnf -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
#KVM安装
[root@KVM1 ~]# dnf -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-common qemu-img virt-manager libvirt python3-libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
#检查cpu是否支持kvm
[root@KVM1 ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
vmx
桥接网卡
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE="Bridge"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="br0"
DEVICE="br0"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR=192.168.8.129
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.8.2
DNS1=8.8.8.8
[root@KVM network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens160
TYPE="Ethernet"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="ens160"
DEVICE="ens160"
ONBOOT="yes"
BRIDGE=br0
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# systemctl restart NetworkManager
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# ifdown ens160 ;ifup ens160
错误:"/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens160" 不是活动的连接。
错误:未提供活动连接。
连接已成功激活(D-Bus 活动路径:/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3)
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:2f:dc:34 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:2f:dc:34 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.8.129/24 brd 192.168.8.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe2f:dc34/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
启动kvm
#启动服务
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2021-10-20 14:24:31 CST; 6s ago
Docs: man:libvirtd(8)
https://libvirt.org
Main PID: 8270 (libvirtd)
Tasks: 19 (limit: 32768)
Memory: 19.6M
#验证安装结果
[root@KVM1 ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel 294912 0
kvm 786432 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
[root@KVM1 ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id 名称 状态
-------------------
[root@KVM1 ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
#查看网桥信息
[root@KVM1 ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c292fdc34 no ens160
virbr0 8000.525400f7b340 yes virbr0-nic
KVM2操作
# 安装软件包
[root@KVM2 ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
#KVM安装
[root@kvm2 ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-tools qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
#检查cpu是否支持kvm
[root@KVM2 ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
vmx
桥接网卡
[root@KVM2 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE="Bridge"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="br0"
DEVICE="br0"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR=192.168.8.127
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.8.2
DNS1=8.8.8.8
[root@KVM2 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens160
TYPE="Ethernet"
BOOTPROTO="static"
NAME="ens160"
DEVICE="ens160"
ONBOOT="yes"
BRIDGE=br0
[root@KVM2 network-scripts]# systemctl restart network
[root@KVM1 network-scripts]# ifdown ens33 ;ifup ens33
错误:"/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens160" 不是活动的连接。
错误:未提供活动连接。
连接已成功激活(D-Bus 活动路径:/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3)
[root@kvm2 network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:2e:3f:cd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:2e:3f:cd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.8.127/24 brd 192.168.8.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::84e4:52ff:fe45:ed2/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
启动kvm
#启动服务
[root@KVM2 ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
[root@KVM2 ~]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2021-10-20 14:24:31 CST; 6s ago
Docs: man:libvirtd(8)
https://libvirt.org
Main PID: 8270 (libvirtd)
Tasks: 19 (limit: 32768)
Memory: 19.6M
#验证安装结果
[root@KVM2 ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel 294912 0
kvm 786432 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
[root@KVM2 ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id 名称 状态
-------------------
[root@KVM2 ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
#查看网桥信息
[root@kvm2 ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c292e3fcd no ens33
virbr0 8000.525400832ca1 yes virbr0-nic
KVM web管理界面安装
kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的。
#安装epel源
[root@kvm-web ~]# yum -y install epel-release
#安装软件包
[root@kvm-web ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel
#从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm-web ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@kvm-web src]# git clone git://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 225.00 KiB/s, 完成.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3606/3606), 完成.
#安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-web src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting django==1.5.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/49/93511c5d3367b6b21fc2995a0e53399721afc15e4cd6eb57be879ae13ad4/Django-1.5.5.tar.gz (8.1MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 8.1MB 91kB/s
Collecting gunicorn==19.5.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f9/4e/f4076a1a57fc1e75edc0828db365cfa9005f9f6b4a51b489ae39a91eb4be/gunicorn-19.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (113kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 122kB 1.5MB/s
Collecting lockfile>=0.9 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5))
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c8/22/9460e311f340cb62d26a38c419b1381b8593b0bb6b5d1f056938b086d362/lockfile-0.12.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: django, gunicorn, lockfile
Running setup.py install for django ... done
Successfully installed django-1.5.5 gunicorn-19.5.0 lockfile-0.12.2
You are using pip version 8.1.2, however version 21.3 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
#初始化账号信息
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Nov 16 2020, 22:23:17)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes //问你是否创建超级管理员帐号
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): admin //指定超级管理员帐号用户名,默认留空为root
Email address: 1@2.com //设置超级管理员邮箱
Password: //设置超级管理员密码
Password (again): //再次输入超级管理员密码
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
#拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr/ /var/www/
[root@kvm-web webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr
#生成密钥
[root@kvm-web ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:V73NQ4AADyxZb3tXVzfDnzOJCFWagswOxZ/m4X0d9gA root@kvm-web
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| ==..o.oo.oo|
| o+o=. .E...=|
| ..+.=ooo.oo=|
| o .=oo .+@o|
| .S.+. .+oB|
| +.... .o|
| . |
| |
| |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@kvm-web ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.8.129
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.8.129 (192.168.8.129)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:M55K1WE4IQkTBu6mvhszdufPrKh0hripkeHuF9Em52k.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:11:9b:42:bc:29:ae:63:96:04:de:b7:35:97:d9:5a:7d.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.8.129's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.8.129'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@kvm-web ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.8.127
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.8.127 (192.168.8.127)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:8veN2gRCEGW8xJoabzr641fWdLy1/G7WRu623euckfI.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:b9:56:ca:f1:c5:82:98:68:5d:e8:25:22:e1:cb:25:b4.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.8.127's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.8.127'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
#配置端口转发
[root@kvm-web ~]# ssh 192.168.8.129 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Wed Oct 20 20:01:05 2021 from 192.168.8.1
[root@kvm-web ~]# ssh 192.168.8.127 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
bind: Address already in use
bind: Address already in use
Last login: Thu Oct 21 10:45:45 2021 from 192.168.8.1
#配置nginx
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
#确保绑定的端口为8000
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000'
#重启nginx
[root@kvm-web ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
#设置supervisor
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf //文件最后加上以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
#设置开机自启supervisor
[root@kvm-web ~]# systemctl enable --now supervisord
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@kvm-web ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 100 *:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
#配置nginx用户
[root@kvm-web ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:hX/6QlHkMXiEyq0L2bk/A9nXoSuzRphoS8oORGom3+o nginx@kvm-web
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| == |
| .o.oo |
| . ..o.o. |
| o ooo . |
|oo. +SB...o . |
|+o . * O +oo . |
| o..+ o *.. . |
| oo . o B.. |
| .E.. ooB. |
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.8.129
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.8.129' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.8.129's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.8.129'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.8.127
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.8.127' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.8.127's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.8.127'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
-bash-4.2$ exit
登出
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@kvm-web ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@KVM ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
连接KVM1
KVM连接管理
创建ssh连接
KVM存储管理
创建存储:
#创建存储目录
[root@KVM ~]# mkdir /test
进入存储:
通过xftp将ISO镜像文件传至存储目录
[root@kvm ~]# cd /test/
[root@kvm test]# ls
CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804-7.5.iso
创建系统安装镜像
kvm网络管理
添加桥接网络
实例管理
虚拟机创建
虚拟机插入光盘
设置在web上访问虚拟机的密码
启动虚拟机
连接KVM2
故障案例
1、无法创建存储
[root@kvm ~]# rpm -qa | grep libgcrypt //升级libcrypyt
libgcrypt-1.8.3-4.el8.x86_64
[root@kvm ~]# yum update libgcrypt
[root@kvm ~]# rpm -qa | grep libgcrypt
libgcrypt-1.8.5-4.el8.x86_64
2、web界面配置完成后可能会出现以下错误界面
安装novnc并通过novnc_server启动一个vnc
[root@kvm-web ~]# yum -y install novnc
[root@kvm-web ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
nohup novnc_server 192.168.8.128:5920 &
[root@kvm-web ~]# . /etc/rc.d/rc.local