学习界面与业务分离有感

 学习刘艺老大的《delphi面向对象编程思想》让我收获良多。再这里我想说说我对其中业务与界面分 离的理解，并用自己的 实例说明。

    实例背景：

    这个学期学习了《计算机控制系统》这门课，我就想用delphi实现对pid控制系统的简单仿真。

    实例主要包括三个类：界面类TForm1、业务抽象类：TPID、业务实现类：TPIDSon。TPIDSon继承自 TPID。有两个project:一个是界面project1,另一个是dll。dll里面只有一个输出函数function  PIDObject,返回一个TPIDSon的实例。

    我的想法是让PID的实现过程放在DLL里面，对外提供一个实例接口。然后通过该接口进行相应的操作 。这个DLL里面的PID算法实现是由抽象类的派生类TPIDSon进行实现的，所以，当程序发布以后，如果想 更改实现的方法，直接修改TPIDSon里的实现过程就可以了，从而达到了界面与业务分离的目的。不知道 各高手看了，会不会赞同我的看法，不过我当时确实是这么想的。下面，我们看看TPID的声明方法：
unit PID; interface uses classes; type TPID=class(TObject) protected FTf:integer;//低通滤波时间常数 FT: integer;//采样周期 FKp:integer;//比例放大倍数 FTi:integer;//积分时间常数 FTd:integer;//微分时间常数 FUg:real;//给定输入 Fek:real;//偏差 FUk:real;//输出 FLimit:real;//正限副 public property Tf:integer read FTf write FTf; property T:integer read FT write FT; property Kp:integer read FKp write FKp; property Ti:integer read FTi write FTi; property Uk:real read FUk write FUk; property Ug:real read FUg write FUg; property Td:integer read FTd write FTd; property ek:real read Fek write Fek; property limit:real read FLimit write FLimit; function runPID:real;virtual;abstract;//运行模拟，返回输出值 procedure reset;virtual;abstract;//重置PID参数 end; implementation end.

其中Ug是给定输入，Uk是K时刻输出。下面让我们看看其派生类TPIDSon的声明与实现方法：
unit PIDSon; interface uses PID,windows; type TPIDSon=class(TPID) private FUk1:real;//前一时刻输出 Fek1:real;//前一时刻偏差 FJiFen:real;//积分和 FNegLimit:real;//负限副 procedure jiFen; procedure exchange; procedure calculateek; procedure calUk; public function runPID:real;override; procedure reset;override; constructor create; end; implementation { TPIDSon } procedure TPIDSon.calculateek; begin Fek:=FUg-FUk; end; procedure TPIDSon.calUk; var alfa:real; ki:real; kd:real; temp:real; begin alfa:=FTf/(FTf+FT); ki:=Fkp*FT/FTi; kd:=FKP*FTd/FT; temp:=(1-alfa)*(kp*ek+ki*FjiFen+kd*(ek-Fek1)); if temp>FLimit then temp:=Flimit; if temp<FNegLimit then temp:=FNegLimit; FUk:=alfa*FUk1+temp; end; constructor TPIDSon.create; begin inherited; fek1:=0; Fuk1:=0; fuk:=0; end; procedure TPIDSon.exchange; begin Fek1:=Fek; FUk1:=FUk; end; procedure TPIDSon.jiFen; begin FjiFen:=FjiFen+Fek; end; procedure TPIDSon.reset; begin inherited; fek1:=0; Fuk1:=0; fuk:=0; end; function TPIDSon.runPID: real; begin FNegLimit:=-Flimit; calculateek; jifen; caluk; result:=FUk; exchange; end; end.

完成以后，接下来我新建了一个DLL，里面只有一个函数：
library PIDDll; { Important note about DLL memory management: ShareMem must be the first unit in your library's USES clause AND your project's (select Project-View Source) USES clause if your DLL exports any procedures or functions that pass strings as parameters or function results. This applies to all strings passed to and from your DLL--even those that are nested in records and classes. ShareMem is the interface unit to the BORLNDMM.DLL shared memory manager, which must be deployed along with your DLL. To avoid using BORLNDMM.DLL, pass string information using PChar or ShortString parameters. } uses SysUtils, Classes, pid in 'PID.pas', PIDSon in 'PIDSon.pas'; {$R *.res} function PIDObject:TPID;stdcall; begin result:=TPIDSon.create; end; exports PIDObject; end.

该函数：PIDObject返回的是一个实例，所以，我们就可以再 界面类里进行调用。接下来我实现了界面，如下：
unit Unit1; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, ExtCtrls, StdCtrls, Buttons,IIPID,PID; type TForm1 = class(TForm) Panel1: TPanel; Panel2: TPanel; Panel3: TPanel; Panel4: TPanel; Image1: TImage; GroupBox1: TGroupBox; ek: TLabeledEdit; Uk: TLabeledEdit; runSpeed: TLabeledEdit; runTime: TLabeledEdit; GroupBox2: TGroupBox; stop: TBitBtn; run: TBitBtn; savePic: TBitBtn; GroupBox3: TGroupBox; Tf: TLabeledEdit; T: TLabeledEdit; Kp: TLabeledEdit; Ti: TLabeledEdit; Td: TLabeledEdit; Ug: TLabeledEdit; runTimer: TTimer; PaintBox1: TPaintBox; SaveDialog1: TSaveDialog; limitValue: TLabeledEdit; reset: TBitBtn; procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); procedure TfChange(Sender: TObject); procedure TChange(Sender: TObject); procedure runTimerTimer(Sender: TObject); procedure runSpeedChange(Sender: TObject); procedure runClick(Sender: TObject); procedure stopClick(Sender: TObject); procedure savePicClick(Sender: TObject); procedure resetClick(Sender: TObject); procedure FormResize(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } k:real;//图形比例，k:=ug / panel1.height tim:integer;//时间变量，其初始值为0；step为timer.interval; drawtim:integer;//绘制时间变量，初始值为0，drawStep为最小单位格。 drawstep:integer;//单位时间像素 lastPoint:Tpoint;//上一时该位置。 pid:TPID;//PID控制过程。 public { Public declarations } procedure valueChanged;//当设置参数值发表改变时。 function getAbsolutXPosition(x:integer):integer; function getAbsolutYPosition(y:integer):integer; procedure drawGiven(g:real); //画出给定直线 procedure drawCanvas(x,y:integer);//绘制指定点 procedure moveCanvas(x:integer);//如果画布满时，需要拖运画布 procedure initPaintBox;//初始化画布； function scanX(x:integer):integer;//当x大于画布时，需要对横坐标进行处理。 procedure initPic;//初始化坐标； end; var Form1: TForm1; function PIDObject:TPID; external 'PIDDll.dll'; implementation {$R *.dfm} procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); begin pid:=PIDObject; tim:=0; drawtim:=0; drawStep:=5; valueChanged; initPaintBox; initPic; lastPoint.x:=getAbsolutXPosition(0); lastPoint.y:=getAbsolutYPosition(0); end; procedure TForm1.TfChange(Sender: TObject); begin valueChanged; end; procedure TForm1.valueChanged; begin with pid do begin T:=StrToInt(self.T.text); TD:=StrToInt(self.Td.text); Ti:=StrToInt(self.Ti.text); Tf:=StrToInt(self.Tf.text); Ug:=StrTofloat(self.Ug.text); kp:=StrToInt(self.kp.text); limit:=strToFloat(self.limitValue.text); end; k:=(self.panel1.height/2)/(strToFloat(self.ug.text)); k:=k/3;//设置比例 //k:=1; drawGiven(StrTofloat(self.Ug.text)); end; procedure TForm1.TChange(Sender: TObject); begin valueChanged; end; function TForm1.getAbsolutXPosition(x: integer): integer; var x1:integer; begin //x1:=panel1.left+x+drawStep; x1:=x+drawstep; result:=x1; end; function TForm1.getAbsolutYPosition(y: integer): integer; var temp:integer; begin temp:=paintBox1.height; result:=(temp-(temp div 4))-y-drawStep; //result:=panel1.top+panel1.height-y-drawstep; end; procedure TForm1.drawCanvas(x, y: integer); var x1,y1:integer; begin x1:=getAbsolutXPosition(lastPoint.x); y1:=getAbsolutYPosition(lastPoint.y); self.paintBox1.canvas.moveTo(x1,y1);//这里可能有问题 x1:=getAbsolutXPosition(x); y1:=getAbsolutYPosition(y); self.paintBox1.canvas.lineTo(x1,y1);//这里也可能会有问题。 end; procedure TForm1.drawGiven(g: real); var temp:integer; x,y:integer; begin //画给定 temp:=round(g); temp:=round(k*temp); x:=getAbsolutXPosition(0); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(temp); self.paintBox1.canvas.moveTo(x,y); self.paintBox1.canvas.lineTO(paintBox1.width,y); //画纵轴 with self.paintBox1.canvas.pen do begin color:=clblue; width:=2; end; x:=drawStep; y:=0; self.paintBox1.canvas.moveTo(x,y); self.paintBox1.canvas.lineTO(x,paintBox1.height); //画横轴 x:=getAbsolutXPosition(0); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(0); self.paintBox1.canvas.moveTo(x,y); self.paintBox1.canvas.lineTO(Self.paintBox1.width,y); with self.paintBox1.canvas.pen do begin color:=clred; width:=1; end; end; procedure TForm1.moveCanvas(x: integer); var rect1,rect2:TRect; begin if x>panel1.width-10*DrawStep then begin rect1.left:=drawStep; rect1.top:=0; rect1.right:=paintBox1.width; rect1.bottom:=paintBox1.height; rect2:=rect1; rect2.left:=0; rect2.right:=rect1.right-drawStep; self.paintBox1.canvas.copyRect(rect2,self.paintBox1.canvas,rect1); end else exit; end; procedure TForm1.runTimerTimer(Sender: TObject); var value,temp:integer; begin value:=round(k*pid.runpid); inc(tim,(sender as TTimer).interval); inc(drawtim,drawstep); moveCanvas(drawtim); temp:=drawtim; drawtim:=scanx(drawtim); drawCanvas(drawtim,value); self.ek.text:=floatToStr(pid.ek); self.uk.text:=floatToStr(pid.uk); self.runspeed.text:=intToStr((sender as TTimer).interval); self.runtime.text:=floatToStr(tim/1000)+'秒'; lastPoint.y:=value; if temp>drawtim then lastPoint.x:=drawtim-drawstep else lastPoint.x:=drawtim; end; procedure TForm1.runSpeedChange(Sender: TObject); begin runtimer.interval:=strToInt(self.runSpeed.text); end; procedure TForm1.initPaintBox; begin //在这里填写初始化画布内容。 with self.paintBox1.canvas.pen do begin color:=clRed; style:=psSolid; end; end; procedure TForm1.runClick(Sender: TObject); begin self.runTimer.enabled:=true; drawGiven(StrTofloat(self.Ug.text)); end; procedure TForm1.stopClick(Sender: TObject); begin self.runtimer.enabled:=false; end; procedure TForm1.savePicClick(Sender: TObject); var path:string; bmp:TBitmap; rect:TRect; begin with rect do begin left:=0; top:=0; right:=self.paintBox1.width; bottom:=self.paintBox1.height; end; bmp:=TBitmap.create; bmp.width:=self.paintBox1.width; bmp.height:=self.paintBox1.height; bmp.canvas.copyRect(rect,self.paintBox1.canvas,rect); if saveDialog1.execute then begin path:=saveDialog1.filename; bmp.saveToFile(path); application.messageBox('保存文件成功','neugls提示',MB_OK+MB_ICONINFORMATION); end; bmp.free; self.paintBox1.update; end; function TForm1.scanX(x: integer): integer; begin if x>=panel1.width-10*DrawStep then result:=panel1.width-10*DrawStep else result:=x; end; procedure TForm1.initPic; var x,y:integer; begin { } with self.paintBox1.canvas do begin x:=getAbsolutXPosition(0); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(self.paintBox1.height-drawStep); moveTo(x,y); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(0); lineto(x,y); x:=getAbsolutXPosition(self.paintBox1.width-drawStep); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(0); lineTo(x,y); end; end; procedure TForm1.resetClick(Sender: TObject); var x,y:integer; begin self.paintBox1.refresh; pid.reset; valueChanged; drawtim:=0; x:=getAbsolutXPosition(0); y:=getAbsolutYPosition(0); lastPoint.x:=x; lastPoint.y:=y; self.paintBox1.canvas.moveTo(x,y); end; procedure TForm1.FormResize(Sender: TObject); begin with self.image1 do begin left:=0; top:=0; height:=self.panel4.height; width:=self.panel4.width; end; end; end.

这样做之后，我如果想对PID的算法进行更新，我只要修改TPIDSon的实现方法就可以了，这样，是不是比较方便，当然，在做这个之前，我遇到了一个问题，一开始我想用刘艺老大书里说的方法，利用接口，我的做法如下：
首先我在TPID类里面直接实现了PID算法（利用类TInterfacedObject接口类）：
然后我声明了一个派生类TNeuglsPID，我的想法是，TPID是最基层的PID“业务”算法，然后通过一个中间的接口实现类（实现接口IPID），TNeuglsPID类的声明与实现如下：
unit neuglsPId; interface uses classes,Pid,IIPID; type TNeuglsPID=class(TPID,IPID) public procedure setTf(value:integer);virtual; procedure setT(value:integer); virtual; procedure setKp(value:integer); virtual; procedure setTi(value:integer); virtual; procedure setTd(value:integer); virtual; procedure setUg(value:real);virtual; procedure setLimit(value:real); virtual; function getEk:real;virtual; procedure setEk(value:real);virtual; function getUk:real; virtual; function runPid:real;virtual; procedure reset;virtual; constructor create;virtual; end; implementation { TNeuglsPID } constructor TNeuglsPID.create; begin inherited; end; function TNeuglsPID.getEk: real; begin result:=ek; end; function TNeuglsPID.getUk: real; begin result:=uk; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.reset; begin inherited reset; end; function TNeuglsPID.runPid:real; begin result:=inherited runPid; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setEk(value: real); begin ek:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setKp(value: integer); begin kp:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setLimit(value: real); begin limit:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setT(value: integer); begin T:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setTd(value: integer); begin TD:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setTf(value: integer); begin TF:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setTi(value: integer); begin Ti:=value; end; procedure TNeuglsPID.setUg(value: real); begin Ug:=value; end; end.
然后，我直接想通过接口IPID进行通讯，实现我要的界面与业务分离,IPID接口声明如下：
unit IIPID; interface type IPID=interface(IInterface) ['{8DC1C93C-598A-4AEE-837C-93BBDFBF2477}'] //function getTf:integer; //function getT:integer; //function getKp:integer; //function getTi:integer; //function getUg:real; //function getTd:integer; //function getLimit:real; procedure setTf(value:integer); procedure setT(value:integer); procedure setKp(value:integer); procedure setTi(value:integer); procedure setTd(value:integer); procedure setUg(value:real); procedure setLimit(value:real); function getEk:real; procedure setEk(value:real); function getUk:real; function runPid:real; procedure reset; end; implementation end.

然后利用DLL作为载体：
library PIDDll; { Important note about DLL memory management: ShareMem must be the first unit in your library's USES clause AND your project's (select Project-View Source) USES clause if your DLL exports any procedures or functions that pass strings as parameters or function results. This applies to all strings passed to and from your DLL--even those that are nested in records and classes. ShareMem is the interface unit to the BORLNDMM.DLL shared memory manager, which must be deployed along with your DLL. To avoid using BORLNDMM.DLL, pass string information using PChar or ShortString parameters. } uses SysUtils, Classes, pid in 'PID.pas', IPID, neuglsPID in 'NeuglsPID.pas'; {$R *.res} function PIDObject:TNeuglsPID;stdcall; begin result:=TNeuglsPID.create; end; exports PIDObject; end.

界面还是像上面的一样，只不过在valueChanged方法里面的代码得稍稍改一下，然后再其他的部分稍稍修改一下，编译不会出现问题（我想，应该有一个方法可以做到不用修改，我的看法是把IPID接口里的数据获取方法全改成属性，不知道行不行，以后再试！嘿嘿，如果高手你知道，还请你指点小弟我一下。）在程序编译完成运行时出现了问题，我步进调试时发现PID变量为Nil，我不知道这是什么原因，还请各位看官指点，不知道刘艺老大会不会说我笨，连这都不知道为什么！呵呵。