一道面试题——四人喝酒的问题

有a,b,c,d四个人,现在有X,Y,Z三个不规则酒杯,X,Y容量为8两,现在已装满酒,Z容量为3两,为空杯.现在要求四个人每人都能平均喝到4两酒,请说出该怎么喝?写出算法,并打印出每步X,Y,Z杯内的酒多少和四个人每人所喝的酒?
这道题的来源不可考。在网上搜《编程之美》烙饼问题的相关资料的时候看到了这道题，之前没接触过算法，手算想了一会儿居然没有算出来~想了大概一天的时间，终于把代码搞定了。
此题类似于《编程之美》中烙饼问题所采用的剪枝+分支定界，关键是对问题过程的处理。只要把问题过程理清，找好边界条件和退出条件，问题自然迎刃而解。我们先找边界条件，显然
    a)每个人都喝到4两酒肯定是程序执行完成的条件，
    b)为了避免重复进入之前某种状态，我们需要判断当前状态是否出现过。
再明确我们倒酒的过程，这里只需要弄清可以倒酒的状态分类。首先，对X、Y、Z三个酒杯的状态和a、b、c、d四个人喝酒的状态要区别对待：
    a)当且仅当某人当前的酒量和酒杯中酒量之和小于等于4，此人才能喝酒。显然，这才是最终可以满足边界条件a的过程
    b)在三个酒杯之间互相倒酒，要注意每个酒杯都不能溢出
    c)如果此状态之前出现过，说明这种状态之下走不通，就没有必要在此状态之下继续进行。另外，X和Y酒杯由于容量一样，在其他状态相同的情况下，可视为相同的状态。
理解了这些，写出代码就比较容易。

/* 有a,b,c,d四个人,现在有X,Y,Z三个不规则酒杯,X,Y容量为8两,现在已装满酒,
 * Z容量为3两,为空杯.现在要求四个人每人都能平均喝到4两酒,请说出该怎么喝?
 * 写出算法,并打印出每步X,Y,Z杯内的酒多少和四个人每人所喝的酒?
 */

#include <stdio.h>

/* 递归调用退出条件：每人都喝到4两，或者回到中间的某个状态 */
#define MAX_STATES	1024		/* 保存中间状态，如果是之前的某个状态就退出 */
#define MAX_STEPS	100			/* 保存最终采用的步骤 */
typedef struct
{
	unsigned char StateArray[7];	/* StateArray 0~2 represent X, Y, Z;
										3~6 represent A, B, C, D*/
}STATE;

static int StateIndex;
static int PourStepState[MAX_STATES];	/* 类似于栈结构，中间状态 */
static int MaxSteps;
static STATE PrintStepIndex[MAX_STEPS];	/* 最终采用的状态 */

static __inline void PrintPourSteps(STATE TempState)
{
	int i;
	++MaxSteps;
	for(i = 0; i < 7; i++)
	{
		PrintStepIndex[MaxSteps].StateArray[i] = TempState.StateArray[i];
	}
}

#define STATE_EXIST		1
#define STATE_NOT_EXIST	0
static int CheckState(STATE TempState)
{	/* 检查当前状态，如果是之前的状态则直接返回，否则保存当前状态 */
	int i, TempSum = 0;
	for(i = 0; i < 7; i++)
	{
		TempSum = TempSum * 10 + TempState.StateArray[i];
	}
	for(i = StateIndex; i > 0; i--)
	{
		if(TempSum == PourStepState[i])
			return STATE_EXIST;
		if(TempState.StateArray[0] == (PourStepState[i]/100000)%10 &&
			TempState.StateArray[1] == PourStepState[i]/1000000 &&
			TempSum%100000 == PourStepState[i]%100000)
		{	/* 对X和Y的状态不做区分 */
			return STATE_EXIST;
		}
	}
	PourStepState[++StateIndex] = TempSum;
	return STATE_NOT_EXIST;
}

static __inline void PourStepNext(STATE *TempState, STATE *PreState)
{
	int i;
	for(i = 0; i < 7; i++)
	{
		TempState->StateArray[i] = PreState->StateArray[i];
	}
	return;
}

#define POUR_SUCCEED	1
#define POUR_FAIL		0
/* 分清处理步骤，注意顺序先尝试X,Y,Z向A,B,C,D中倒，然后进行
 * X,Y,Z之间的处理，否则容易出现死循环或者中间过程过度展开
 */
int DoPouring(STATE PreState)
{
	int	i, j;
	STATE TempState;

	for(i = 0; i <= 2; i++)
	{
		for(j = 3; j < 7; j++)
		{
			if(PreState.StateArray[i] + PreState.StateArray[j] <= 4 && PreState.StateArray[i])
			{
				PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
				TempState.StateArray[j] += TempState.StateArray[i];
				TempState.StateArray[i] = 0;
				if(TempState.StateArray[3] == 4 && TempState.StateArray[4] == 4 &&
					TempState.StateArray[5] == 4 && TempState.StateArray[6] == 4)
				{
					PrintPourSteps(TempState);
					return POUR_SUCCEED;
				}
				if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
				{
					if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
					{
						PrintPourSteps(TempState);
						return POUR_SUCCEED;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[1] < 8 && PreState.StateArray[0])	/* X --> Y */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[0] + PreState.StateArray[1] > 8)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[0] = TempState.StateArray[0] + TempState.StateArray[1] - 8;
			TempState.StateArray[1] = 8;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[1] += TempState.StateArray[0];
			TempState.StateArray[0] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[2] < 3 && PreState.StateArray[0])	/* X --> Z */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[0] + PreState.StateArray[2] > 3)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[0] = TempState.StateArray[0] + TempState.StateArray[2] - 3;
			TempState.StateArray[2] = 3;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[2] += TempState.StateArray[0];
			TempState.StateArray[0] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[0] < 8 && PreState.StateArray[1])	/* Y --> X */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[0] + PreState.StateArray[1] > 8)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[1] = TempState.StateArray[0] + TempState.StateArray[1] - 8;
			TempState.StateArray[0] = 3;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[0] += TempState.StateArray[1];
			TempState.StateArray[1] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[2] < 3 && PreState.StateArray[1])	/* Y --> Z */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[1] + PreState.StateArray[2] > 3)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[1] = TempState.StateArray[1] + TempState.StateArray[2] - 3;
			TempState.StateArray[2] = 3;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[2] += TempState.StateArray[1];
			TempState.StateArray[1] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[0] < 8 && PreState.StateArray[2])	/* Z --> X */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[0] + PreState.StateArray[2] > 8)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[2] = TempState.StateArray[0] + TempState.StateArray[2] - 8;
			TempState.StateArray[0] = 8;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[0] += TempState.StateArray[2];
			TempState.StateArray[2] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	if(PreState.StateArray[1] < 8 && PreState.StateArray[2])	/* Z --> Y */
	{
		if(PreState.StateArray[1] + PreState.StateArray[2] > 8)
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[2] = TempState.StateArray[1] + TempState.StateArray[2] - 8;
			TempState.StateArray[1] = 8;
		}
		else
		{
			PourStepNext(&TempState, &PreState);
			TempState.StateArray[1] += TempState.StateArray[2];
			TempState.StateArray[2] = 0;
		}
		if(CheckState(TempState) == STATE_NOT_EXIST)
		{
			if(DoPouring(TempState) == POUR_SUCCEED)
			{
				PrintPourSteps(TempState);
				return POUR_SUCCEED;
			}
		}
	}
	return POUR_FAIL;
}

int main()
{
	int i, j;
	STATE OriginalState;

	StateIndex = 0;
	MaxSteps = 0;
	for(i = 0; i < MAX_STATES; i++)
		PourStepState[i] = 0;

	OriginalState.StateArray[0] = 8;
	OriginalState.StateArray[1] = 8;
	for(i = 2; i < 7; i++)
		OriginalState.StateArray[i] = 0;

	DoPouring(OriginalState);

	printf("\tX\tY\tZ\tA\tB\tC\tD\nSTATE:");
	for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
	{
		printf("\t%d", OriginalState.StateArray[j]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	for(i = MaxSteps; i > 0; i--)
	{
		printf("STATE:");
		for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
			printf("\t%d", PrintStepIndex[i].StateArray[j]);
		printf("\n");
	}
	printf("Total steps: %d.\ndone.\n", MaxSteps);
	return 0;
}