本章着重掌握如下2个知识点:
- ReentrantLock类的使用
- ReentrantReadWriteLock类
使用ReentrantLock类
前提:在Java多线程中,可以使用synchronized关键字来实现线程之间同步互斥,但在JDK1.5中新增了ReentrantLock类也能达到同样的效果,并且在扩展功能上也更加强大,比如具有嗅探锁定、多路分支通知等功能,而且在使用上也比比synchronized更加的灵活。
先来看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class MyService {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void testMethod(){
lock.lock();
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
System.out.println("ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + (" " + (i + 1)));
}
lock.unlock();
}
}
说明:调用ReentrantLock对象的lock()方法获取锁,调用unlock()方法释放锁。
import chapter4.ReentrantLockTest.service.MyService;
public class MyThread extends Thread{
private MyService service;
public MyThread(MyService service){
super();
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.testMethod();
}
}
import chapter4.ReentrantLockTest.extthread.MyThread;
import chapter4.ReentrantLockTest.service.MyService;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyService service = new MyService();
MyThread a1 = new MyThread(service);
MyThread a2 = new MyThread(service);
MyThread a3 = new MyThread(service);
MyThread a4 = new MyThread(service);
MyThread a5 = new MyThread(service);
a1.start();
a2.start();
a3.start();
a4.start();
}
}
结果:
从运行的结果来看,当前线程打印完毕之后将锁进行释放,其他线程才可以继续打印。线程打印的数据是分组打印,因为当前线程已经持有锁,但线程之间打印的顺序时随机的。调用lock.lock()代码的线程就持有了”对象监视器”,其他线程只有等待锁被释放时再次争抢。效果和使用synchronized关键字一样,线程之间还是顺序执行的。
使用Condition实现等待/通知
前提:关键字synchronized与wait()和notify()/notifyAll()方法相结合可以实现等待/通知模式,类ReentrantLock也可以实现同样的功能,但需要借助于Condition对象。Condition类是在JDK5中出现的技术,使用它有更好的灵活性,比如可以实现多路通知功能,也就是在一个Lock对象里面可以创建多个Condition(即对象监视器)实例,线程对象可以注册在指定的Condition中,从而可以有选择性进行线程通知,在调度线程上更加灵活。
比较:在使用notify()/notifyAll()方法进行通知时,被通知的线程却是JVM随机选择的。但使用ReentrantLock结合Condition类是可以实现前面介绍过的”选择性通知”,这个功能是非常重要的,而且在Condition类中是默认提供的。而synchronized就相当于整个Lock对象中只有一个单一的Condition对象,所有的线程都注册在一个对象的身上。线程开始notifyAll()时,需要通知所有的WAITING线程,没有选择权,会出现相当大的效率问题。
看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class MyService {
private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
public void await(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println("await 时间为 " + System.currentTimeMillis());
condition.await();
System.out.println("B");
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
System.out.println("锁释放了!");
}
}
public void signal(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println("signal时间为 " + System.currentTimeMillis());
condition.signal();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
import chapter4.z3_ok.service.MyService;
public class MyThreadA extends Thread{
private MyService myService;
public MyThreadA(MyService myService){
super();
this.myService = myService;
}
@Override
public void run(){
myService.await();
}
}
import chapter4.z3_ok.extthread.MyThreadA;
import chapter4.z3_ok.service.MyService;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyService service = new MyService();
MyThreadA a = new MyThreadA(service);
a.start();
Thread.sleep(3000);
service.signal();
}
}
结果:
总结:Object类中的wait()方法相当于Condition类中的await()方法。Object类中的await(long timeout)方法相当于Condition类中的await(longtime, TimeUnit unit)方法。Object类中的notify()方法相当于Condition类中的signal()方法。Object类中的notifyAll()方法相当于Condition类中的signalAll()方法。
使用多个Condition实现通知部分线程
看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class MyService {
private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition conditionA = lock.newCondition();
private Condition conditionB = lock.newCondition();
public void awaitA(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println("begin awaitA 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
conditionA.await();
System.out.println("end awaitA 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void awaitB(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println("begin awaitB 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
conditionB.await();
System.out.println("end awaitB 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void signalAll_A(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println(" signalAll_A 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
conditionA.signalAll();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void signalAll_B(){
try{
lock.lock();
System.out.println(" signalAll_B 时间为 "
+ System.currentTimeMillis() + " ThreadName=" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
conditionB.signalAll();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
import chapter4.z3_ok.service.MyService;
public class MyThreadA extends Thread{
private MyService myService;
public MyThreadA(MyService myService){
super();
this.myService = myService;
}
@Override
public void run(){
myService.awaitA();
}
}
import chapter4.z3_ok.service.MyService;
public class MyThreadB extends Thread{
private MyService service;
public MyThreadB(MyService service){
super();
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.awaitB();
}
}
import chapter4.z3_ok.extthread.MyThreadA;
import chapter4.z3_ok.extthread.MyThreadB;
import chapter4.z3_ok.service.MyService;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyService service = new MyService();
MyThreadA a = new MyThreadA(service);
a.setName("A");
a.start();
MyThreadB b = new MyThreadB(service);
b.setName("B");
b.start();
Thread.sleep(3000);
service.signalAll_A();
service.signalAll_B();
}
}
结果:
公平锁与非公平锁
说明:公平锁与非公平锁:锁Lock分为”公平锁”和”非公平锁”,公平锁表示线程获取锁的顺序是按照线程加锁的顺序来分配的,即先来先得的FIFO先进先出顺序。而非公平锁就是一种获取锁的抢占机制,是随机获得锁的,和公平锁不一样的就是先来的不一定先得到锁,这个方式可能造成某些线程一直拿不到锁,结果也就是不公平的了。
用法:公平锁 ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(true);
用法:非公平锁 ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(false);
Lock其他方法介绍:
getHoldCount():作用是查询当前线程保持此锁定的个数,也就是调用lock()方法的次数。
getQueueLength():作用是返回正等待获取此锁定的线程的线程估计数,比如有5个线程,1个线程首先执行await()方法,那么调用getQueueLength()方法后返回值是4,说明有4个线程同时在等待lock的释放。
getWaitQueueLength(Condition condition):作用是返回等待与此锁定相关的给定条件Condition的线程估计数,比如有5个线程,每个线程都执行了同一个condition对象的await()方法,则调用getWaitQueueLength(Condition conditon)方法时返回的int值是5。
hasQueuedThread(Thread thread):作用是查询指定的线程是否正在等待获取此锁定。
hasQueuedThreads():作用是查询是否有线程正在等待获取此锁定。
hasWaiters(Condition condition):作用是查询是否有线程正在等待与此锁定有关的condition条件。
isFair():作用是判断是不是公平锁。
isHeldByCurrentThread():作用是查询当前线程是否保持此锁定。
isLocked():作用是查询此锁定是否由任意线程保持。
lockInterruptibly():作用是如果当前线程未被中断,则获取锁定,如果已经被中断则出现异常。
tryLock():作用是仅在调用时锁定未被另一个线程保持的情况下,才获取该锁定。
tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit):作用是如果锁定在给定等待时间内没有被另一个线程保持,且当前线程未被中断,则获取该锁定。
awaitUninterruptibly:
awaitUntil:
使用ReentrantReadWriteLock类:
说明:类ReentrantLock具有完全互斥排他的效果,即同一时间只有一个线程在执行ReentrantLock.lock()方法后面的任务。这样做虽然保证了实例变量的线程安全性,但效率却是非常低下的。所以在JDK中提供了一种读写锁ReentrantReadWriteLock类,使用它可以加快运行效率,在某些不需要操作实例变量的方法中,完全可以使用读写锁ReentrantReadWriteLock来提升该方法的代码运行速度。
读写锁表示也有两个锁,一个是读操作相关的锁,也成为共享锁;另一个是写操作相关的锁,也叫排他锁。也叫排他锁。也就是多个读锁之间不互斥,读锁与写锁互斥,写锁与写锁互斥。在没有线程Thread进行写入操作时,进行读取操作的多个Thread都可以获取读锁,而进行写入操作的Thread只有在获取写锁后才能进行写入操作。即多个Thread可以同时进行读取操作,但是同一时刻只允许一个Thread进行写入操作。
ReentrantReadWriteLock类的使用:读读共享
看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
public class Service {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public void read(){
try{
try{
lock.readLock().lock();
System.out.println("获得读锁: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(10000);
}finally {
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadA extends Thread{
private Service service;
public ThreadA(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.read();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Service service;
public ThreadB(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.read();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadA;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadB;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args){
Service service = new Service();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(service);
threadA.setName("A");
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(service);
threadB.setName("B");
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
}
分析:从控制台中打印的时间来看,两个线程几乎同时进入lock()方法后面的代码。说明在此使用了lock.readLock()读锁可以提高程序运行效率,允许多个线程同时执行lock()方法后面的代码。
ReentrantReadWriteLock类的使用:写写互斥
看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
public class Service {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public void write(){
try{
try{
lock.writeLock().lock();
System.out.println("获得写锁: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(10000);
}finally {
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadA extends Thread{
private Service service;
public ThreadA(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.read();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Service service;
public ThreadB(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.write();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadA;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadB;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args){
Service service = new Service();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(service);
threadA.setName("A");
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(service);
threadB.setName("B");
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
}
分析:使用写锁代码lock.writeLock()的效果就是同一时间只允许一个线程执行lock()方法后面的代码。
ReentrantReadWriteLock类的使用:读写互斥
看个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
public class Service {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public void read(){
try{
try{
lock.readLock().lock();
System.out.println("获得读锁: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(10000);
}finally {
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void write(){
try{
try{
lock.writeLock().lock();
System.out.println("获得写锁: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(10000);
}finally {
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadA extends Thread{
private Service service;
public ThreadA(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.read();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Service service;
public ThreadB(Service service){
this.service = service;
}
@Override
public void run(){
service.write();
}
}
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadA;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.extthread.ThreadB;
import chapter4.ReadWriteLockBegin.service.Service;
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args){
Service service = new Service();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(service);
threadA.setName("A");
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(service);
threadB.setName("B");
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
}
分析:此实验说明”读写”操作时互斥的,而”写读”操作也是互斥的。即只要出现”写操作”的过程,就是互斥的。
ReentrantReadWriteLock类的使用:写读互斥
结果与读写互斥一样,在此不再赘述。
本章总结:在本章中完全可以使用Lock对象将synchronized关键字替换掉,而且其具有的独特功能也是synchronized所不具有的。在学习并发时,Lock是synchronized关键字的进阶,掌握Lock有助于学习并发包中源代码的实现原理,在并发包中大量的类使用了Lock接口作为同步的处理方式。