MySQL安装与使用

 

1.1RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统:

  • MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server
  • PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
  • Oracle
  • MSSQL
  • **SQL:**Structure Query Language,结构化查询 

**SQL:**Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言

**约束:**constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
一个表可以存在多个
外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束
**索引:**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
 

1.2 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有:

数据库:database
表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
索引:index
视图:view
用户:user
权限:privilege
存储过程:procedure
存储函数:function
触发器:trigger
事件调度器:event scheduler

1.3 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型:

  • DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
  • DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
  • DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL语句类型对应操作
DDLCREATE:创建 DROP:删除 ALTER:修改
DMLINSERT:向表中插入数据 DELETE:删除表中数据 UPDATE:更新表中数据 SELECT:查询表中数据
DCLGRANT:授权 REVOKE:移除授权

MySQL安装

 安装所需MySQL安装包

 2.1 配置MySQL的yum源

安装wget

wget -O /usr/src/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm \
http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

[root@rl ~]cd /usr/src/
[root@rl src]#rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

//会出现MySQL的yum仓库
[root@rl src]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@rl yum.repos.d]# ls
mysql-community.repo         redhat.repo
mysql-community-source.repo  server.repo

 安装所需MySQL安装包

http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/

[root@rl ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@rl~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@rl ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@rl~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@rl~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@rl ~]# ls
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
//软件包已经成功下载到本地
//安装软件包
[root@rl ~]# yum -y localinstall *.rpm

2.2 mysql配置

启动MySQL并设置开机自启

[root@rl ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@rl ~]# systemctl status mysqld

 查看3306是否已经监听

[root@rl~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port  Peer Address:Port Process 
LISTEN 0      128          0.0.0.0:22         0.0.0.0:*            
LISTEN 0      128             [::]:22            [::]:*            
LISTEN 0      80                 *:3306             *:* 

 过滤查看MySQL密码(此密码属于一次性密码,用来给数据库设置新密码用)

 [root@rl ~]# grep password /var/log/mysqld.log 
2023-08-29T15:49:33.735173Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 5IjfwC%2u_6H


[root@rl~]# mysql -uroot -p'5IjfwC%2u_6H'  //使用临时命令进入MySQL

mysql> set password = password('Zhouwei123!');   //设置新的密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

[root@rl ~]# rpm -qa|grep mysql
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch    //卸载掉它防止自动更新
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64


//为避免mysql自动升级,这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
[root@rl ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release   //删除
[root@rl ~]# rpm -qa|grep mysql
mysql-community-client-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.43-1.el7.x86_64

2.3 mysql的程序组成

  • 客户端
    • mysql:CLI交互式客户端程序
    • mysql_secure_installation:安全初始化,强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
    • mysqldump:mysql备份工具
    • mysqladmin
  • 服务器端
    • mysqld

安全初始化

 [root@rl~]# mysql_secure_installation 

Securing the MySQL server deployment.

Enter password for user root: 
The 'validate_password' plugin is installed on the server.
The subsequent steps will run with the existing configuration
of the plugin.
Using existing password for root.

Estimated strength of the password: 100 
Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : //回车

 ... skipping.
By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them. This is intended only for
testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
You should remove them before moving into a production
environment.

Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : 
//回车
 ... skipping.
By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
and should be removed before moving into a production
environment.

Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y

- Dropping test database...
  Success.
- Removing privileges on test database...
  Success.

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.

All done! 

2.4 MySQL工具的使用

//语法:mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS:
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名,默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本

 查看MySQL版本

 mysql -V

查看数据库

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| rl                 |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec

如果想要用一台master主机连接RHEL8的数据库

先在主机上面安装mariadb作为客户端

[root@master ~]# yum -y install mariadb

授权master主机的tom用户登录数据库

 mysql> grant all on *.* to 'tom'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

 关闭防火墙(主控RHEL8和受控master的防火墙都需要关闭)

[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld

通过受控master连接主控RHEL8的数据库 

[root@master ~]# mysql -utom -pZhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MySQL [(none)]>

2.5 真实机workbench链接虚拟机数据库

本地使用workbench连接数据库

使用真实机的cmd查看ip
C:\Users\zw>ipconfing

在linux上面的MySQL添加访问权限

mysql> grant all on *.* to tom@192.168.198.1 identified by 'Zhouwei1
123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

 

测试连接成功

 查看linux数据库的权限

mysql> show grants;

mysql> show grants for 'tom'@192.168.198.1;

2.7 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型说明
ip socket默认监听在tcp的3306端口,支持远程通信
unix sock监听在sock文件上(/tmp/mysql.sock,/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock) 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是:localhost,127.0.0.1

3.MySQL数据库操作

3.1 DDL操作
3.1.1 数据库操作

创建数据库

mysql> create database if not exists rl; //创建数据库

删除数据库

mysql> drop database if exists rl;

3.1.2 表操作

mysql> use rl; //进入数据库

show tables; //查看表

drop table zhouwei; 删除表

3.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成,如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’,表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

 这里(‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’)的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序,其值可为:

  • IP地址,如:172.16.12.129
  • 通配符
    • %:匹配任意长度的任意字符,常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
    • _:匹配任意单个字符
    •   //数据库用户创建
      //语法:CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
      //创建数据库用户zhouwei
      mysql> CREATE USER 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.130' IDENTIFIED BY 'zhouwei123!';
      Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

      //使用新创建的用户和密码登录
      [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uzhouwei -pzhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130
      mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
      Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
      Your MySQL connection id is 6
      Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

      Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

      Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
      affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
      owners.

      Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

      mysql> 

    • //删除数据库用户

    • //语法:DROP USER 'username'@'host'; mysql> DROP USER 'rl'@'192.168.198.130'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.1.4 查看命令SHOW

mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;      //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                     | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese        | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European               | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European               | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European                | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian           | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European            | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 | 
......
......

mysql> SHOW ENGINES;        //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine             | Support | Comment
                 | Transactions | XA   | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB             | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and
foreign keys     | YES          | YES  | YES        |
| MRG_MYISAM         | YES     | Collection of identical MyISAM tables
                 | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MEMORY             | YES     | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables      | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| BLACKHOLE          | YES     | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MyISAM             | YES     | MyISAM storage engine                                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| CSV                | YES     | CSV storage engine                                            | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| ARCHIVE            | YES     | Archive storage engine                                        | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES     | Performance Schema                                            | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| FEDERATED          | NO      | Federated MySQL storage engine                                | NULL         | NULL | NULL       |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;      //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| zhouwei            |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)


mysql> show tables from zhouwei;      //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_zhouwei |
+-------------------+
| zhouwei           |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//查看表结构
//语法:DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> desc zhouwei.zhouwei;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
————————————————
 

 //查看某表的创建命令

//语法:SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;

//查看某表的状态

//语法:SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G mysql> show table status like 'rl'\G //查看zhouwei表的状态

3.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助

//语法:HELP keyword;

4 DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT),均属针对表的操作。

4.1 INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法:INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...
​```

mysql> use zhouwei;
Database changed
mysql> insert into zhouwei(id,name,age) value(1,'tom',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into zhouwei (id,name,age) values(2,'jerry',23),(3,'zhouwei',25),(4,'lisi',NULL);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

 

4.2 SELECT语句

字段column表示法

条件判断语句WHERE

表示符代表什么?
*所有字段
as字段别名,如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

 条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型常用操作符
操作符>,<,>=,<=,=,!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE:模糊匹配 RLIKE:基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL:非空 IS NULL:空
条件逻辑操作AND OR NOT

 ORDER BY:排序,默认为升序(ASC)

ORDER By意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2根据column_name进行升序排序 并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果0
4.3 update语句

//DML操作之改操作update
//语法:UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

4.4 delete语句

//DML操作之删操作delete

//语法:DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

4.5 truncate语句
语句类型特点
deleteDELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容,但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行,并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间
truncate删除表中所有数据,且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变,新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快,且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据,并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表,不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表

4.6 DCL操作

4.6.1 创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式意义
.所有库的所有表
db_name指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name指定库的指定表
权限类型代表什么?
ALL所有权限
SELECT读取内容的权限
INSERT插入内容的权限
UPDATE更新内容的权限
DELETE删除内容的权限

WITH GRANT OPTION:被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户,说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

mysql> show databases
    -> ;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| zhouwei            |
+--------------------+


//授权wangqing用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'localhost' identified by 'Zhouuwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权zhouwei用户在192.168.198.112上远程登录访问zhouwei数据库
mysql> grant all on zhouwei.* to 'zhouwei'@'192.168.198.112' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权zhouwei用户在所有位置上远程登录访问zhouwei数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'zhouwei'@'%' identified by 'Zhouwei123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

在受控机(master)查看是否有权限
[root@master ~]# mysql -uzhouwei -pZhouwei123! -h192.168.198.130;
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.43 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MySQL [(none)]> 

4.6.2 查看授权

//查看当前登录用户的授权信息

mysql> show grants;

//查看指定用户zhouwei的授权信息

mysql> show grants for zhouwei;

4.6.3 取消授权REVOKE

//语法:REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'rl'@'192.168.198.112';

 注意:mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中

  • GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中,mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表,并更新至内存中
  • 对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令,可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表

 mysql> flush privileges;

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