mysql主从
mysql主从
MySQL主从复制是一种常见的数据库复制技术,用于实现数据的冗余备份、读写分离和高可用性。它基于主节点(Master)将数据的更改操作同步到从节点(Slave)的机制。以下是MySQL主从复制的简介:
简介:
1.角色:
主节点(Master):主节点是数据的源头,接收并处理所有写操作(INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE)。
从节点(Slave):从节点复制主节点的数据变更,提供读取操作服务,并可以用作故障切换和数据备份。
2.复制过程:
主节点将数据更改操作记录在二进制日志(Binary Log)中,记录了数据库中发生的修改语句。
从节点连接到主节点,并请求复制主节点的二进制日志,将主节点的数据更改操作应用到自己的数据库中。
从节点通过读取主节点的二进制日志,按照相同的顺序执行其中的数据更改操作,实现与主节点的数据同步。
3.同步方式:
基于语句的复制(Statement-based
Replication):主节点将数据更改操作记录为SQL语句,从节点执行相同的SQL语句来实现同步。
基于行的复制(Row-based
Replication):主节点将数据更改操作记录为行级别的改变,从节点直接复制主节点上的数据行,以确保更高的 精确性。
混合复制(Mixed Replication):结合了基于语句的复制和基于行的复制,根据具体情况自动选择合适的方式进行复制。
4.读写分离:
从节点可以独立地处理读取操作,从而减轻主节点的负载。
应用程序可以将读取请求发送到从节点,提高数据库体的读取性能和响应速度。
5.高可用性和故障切换:
当主节点发生故障或不可用时,可以通过将从节点提升为新的主节点来实现快速的故障切换。
通过使用多个从节点,可以实现更高级别的冗余备份和系统的高可用性。
MySQL主从复制是一种可靠且常用的数据库复制技术,它提供了数据的冗余备份、读写分离和高可用性。通过配置主从复制,可以增加数据库的可扩展性、提高读取性能,并为故障恢复提供了解决方案。
2.主从复制配置:
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
- 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
需求:
搭建两台MySQL服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作
环境说明:
数据库角色 | ip | 系统版本 |
---|---|---|
主数据库 | 192.168.14.128 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 |
从数据库 | 192.168.14.133 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 |
2.1 mysql安装
2.2 mysql主从配置
2.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中
//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql -uroot -pRao123. -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| rl |
+--------------------+
//查看从库有哪些库
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pZhouwei123! -e 'show databases'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysql -uroot -pRaol123.
//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> use rl;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_rl |
+-------------------+
| student |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student(id,name,age) values(2,'jerry',23),(3,'rl',25),(4,'lisi',NULL);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_rl |
+-------------------+
| student |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | rl | 25 |
| 4 | lisi | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>
//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@RHEL8 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pRaol123. --all-databases > /opt/all-20230907.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@RHEL8 ~]# ls /opt/
all-20230907.sql
[root@RHEL8 ~]# scp /opt/all-20230907.sql root@192.168.14.133:/opt/
The authenticity of host '192.168.14.133 (192.168.14.133)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:OgNuDfFJtB9mhg8ezO1FOIzsog9izo9/pUYxxS+HCjU.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.14.133' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.14.133's password:
all-20230907.sql 100% 869KB 121.8MB/s 00:00
//解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye
从库上面恢复主库
在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
[root@node1 ~]# ls /opt/
all-20230907.sql data
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pRaol123. < /opt/all-20230907.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pRaol123. -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| rl |
+--------------------+
2.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
mysql> create user 'repl'@'192.168.14.133' identified by 'Raol123.';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.14.133';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2.2.3 配置主数据库
[root@RHEL8 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志
server-id=10 //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的小
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
重启MySQL服务
[root@RHEL8 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@RHEL8 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
查看主库状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.4 配置从数据库
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//添加如下内容
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
server-id=2 //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须小于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //启用中继日志relay-log
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@node1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@node1 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 5 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 511 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 5 [::1]:631 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6010 [::]:*
配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
-> master_host='192.168.198.130',
-> master_user='repl',
-> master_password='Zhouwei123!',
-> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
-> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show slave status \G //查看从服务器状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.198.130
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 320
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
2.2.5 测试验证
在主服务器的student库的home表中插入数据:
mysql> use rl;
Database changed
mysql> create table home(id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_rl |
+-------------------+
| home |
| student |
+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into home values (1,'xiaojing',18),(2,'zhouwei',23),(3,'dum',1);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from home;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------------+------+
| 1 | xiaojing | 18 |
| 2 | rl | 23 |
| 3 | dum | 1 |
+----+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在从数据库中查看数据是否同步:
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| rl |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use rl;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_rl |
+-------------------+
| home |
| student |
+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from home;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------------+------+
| 1 | xiaojing | 18 |
| 2 | zhouwei | 23 |
| 3 | dum | 1 |
+----+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-----------------+
| home |
| student |
+-------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from home;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------------+------+
| 1 | xiaojing | 18 |
| 2 | zhouwei | 23 |
| 3 | dum | 1 |
+----+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)