R 日常所遇问题（1）

a[#表判断 筛选]<-#重新赋值

> z <- state.x77[,'Population']
> z
       Alabama         Alaska        Arizona       Arkansas 
          3615            365           2212           2110 
    California       Colorado    Connecticut       Delaware 
         21198           2541           3100            579 
       Florida        Georgia         Hawaii          Idaho 
          8277           4931            868            813 
      Illinois        Indiana           Iowa         Kansas 
         11197           5313           2861           2280 
      Kentucky      Louisiana          Maine       Maryland 
          3387           3806           1058           4122 
 Massachusetts       Michigan      Minnesota    Mississippi 
          5814           9111           3921           2341 
      Missouri        Montana       Nebraska         Nevada 
          4767            746           1544            590 
 New Hampshire     New Jersey     New Mexico       New York 
           812           7333           1144          18076 
North Carolina   North Dakota           Ohio       Oklahoma 
          5441            637          10735           2715 
        Oregon   Pennsylvania   Rhode Island South Carolina 
          2284          11860            931           2816 
  South Dakota      Tennessee          Texas           Utah 
           681           4173          12237           1203 
       Vermont       Virginia     Washington  West Virginia 
           472           4981           3559           1799 
     Wisconsin        Wyoming 
          4589            376 
> state.x77
               Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder
Alabama              3615   3624        2.1    69.05   15.1
Alaska                365   6315        1.5    69.31   11.3
Arizona              2212   4530        1.8    70.55    7.8
Arkansas             2110   3378        1.9    70.66   10.1
California          21198   5114        1.1    71.71   10.3
Colorado             2541   4884        0.7    72.06    6.8
Connecticut          3100   5348        1.1    72.48    3.1
Delaware              579   4809        0.9    70.06    6.2
Florida              8277   4815        1.3    70.66   10.7
Georgia              4931   4091        2.0    68.54   13.9
Hawaii                868   4963        1.9    73.60    6.2
Idaho                 813   4119        0.6    71.87    5.3
Illinois            11197   5107        0.9    70.14   10.3
Indiana              5313   4458        0.7    70.88    7.1
Iowa                 2861   4628        0.5    72.56    2.3
Kansas               2280   4669        0.6    72.58    4.5
Kentucky             3387   3712        1.6    70.10   10.6
Louisiana            3806   3545        2.8    68.76   13.2
Maine                1058   3694        0.7    70.39    2.7
Maryland             4122   5299        0.9    70.22    8.5
Massachusetts        5814   4755        1.1    71.83    3.3
Michigan             9111   4751        0.9    70.63   11.1
Minnesota            3921   4675        0.6    72.96    2.3
Mississippi          2341   3098        2.4    68.09   12.5
Missouri             4767   4254        0.8    70.69    9.3
Montana               746   4347        0.6    70.56    5.0
Nebraska             1544   4508        0.6    72.60    2.9
Nevada                590   5149        0.5    69.03   11.5
New Hampshire         812   4281        0.7    71.23    3.3
New Jersey           7333   5237        1.1    70.93    5.2
New Mexico           1144   3601        2.2    70.32    9.7
New York            18076   4903        1.4    70.55   10.9
North Carolina       5441   3875        1.8    69.21   11.1
North Dakota          637   5087        0.8    72.78    1.4
Ohio                10735   4561        0.8    70.82    7.4
Oklahoma             2715   3983        1.1    71.42    6.4
Oregon               2284   4660        0.6    72.13    4.2
Pennsylvania        11860   4449        1.0    70.43    6.1
Rhode Island          931   4558        1.3    71.90    2.4
South Carolina       2816   3635        2.3    67.96   11.6
South Dakota          681   4167        0.5    72.08    1.7
Tennessee            4173   3821        1.7    70.11   11.0
Texas               12237   4188        2.2    70.90   12.2
Utah                 1203   4022        0.6    72.90    4.5
Vermont               472   3907        0.6    71.64    5.5
Virginia             4981   4701        1.4    70.08    9.5
Washington           3559   4864        0.6    71.72    4.3
West Virginia        1799   3617        1.4    69.48    6.7
Wisconsin            4589   4468        0.7    72.48    3.0
Wyoming               376   4566        0.6    70.29    6.9
               HS Grad Frost   Area
Alabama           41.3    20  50708
Alaska            66.7   152 566432
Arizona           58.1    15 113417
Arkansas          39.9    65  51945
California        62.6    20 156361
Colorado          63.9   166 103766
Connecticut       56.0   139   4862
Delaware          54.6   103   1982
Florida           52.6    11  54090
Georgia           40.6    60  58073
Hawaii            61.9     0   6425
Idaho             59.5   126  82677
Illinois          52.6   127  55748
Indiana           52.9   122  36097
Iowa              59.0   140  55941
Kansas            59.9   114  81787
Kentucky          38.5    95  39650
Louisiana         42.2    12  44930
Maine             54.7   161  30920
Maryland          52.3   101   9891
Massachusetts     58.5   103   7826
Michigan          52.8   125  56817
Minnesota         57.6   160  79289
Mississippi       41.0    50  47296
Missouri          48.8   108  68995
Montana           59.2   155 145587
Nebraska          59.3   139  76483
Nevada            65.2   188 109889
New Hampshire     57.6   174   9027
New Jersey        52.5   115   7521
New Mexico        55.2   120 121412
New York          52.7    82  47831
North Carolina    38.5    80  48798
North Dakota      50.3   186  69273
Ohio              53.2   124  40975
Oklahoma          51.6    82  68782
Oregon            60.0    44  96184
Pennsylvania      50.2   126  44966
Rhode Island      46.4   127   1049
South Carolina    37.8    65  30225
South Dakota      53.3   172  75955
Tennessee         41.8    70  41328
Texas             47.4    35 262134
Utah              67.3   137  82096
Vermont           57.1   168   9267
Virginia          47.8    85  39780
Washington        63.5    32  66570
West Virginia     41.6   100  24070
Wisconsin         54.5   149  54464
Wyoming           62.9   173  97203
> z
       Alabama         Alaska        Arizona       Arkansas 
          3615            365           2212           2110 
    California       Colorado    Connecticut       Delaware 
         21198           2541           3100            579 
       Florida        Georgia         Hawaii          Idaho 
          8277           4931            868            813 
      Illinois        Indiana           Iowa         Kansas 
         11197           5313           2861           2280 
      Kentucky      Louisiana          Maine       Maryland 
          3387           3806           1058           4122 
 Massachusetts       Michigan      Minnesota    Mississippi 
          5814           9111           3921           2341 
      Missouri        Montana       Nebraska         Nevada 
          4767            746           1544            590 
 New Hampshire     New Jersey     New Mexico       New York 
           812           7333           1144          18076 
North Carolina   North Dakota           Ohio       Oklahoma 
          5441            637          10735           2715 
        Oregon   Pennsylvania   Rhode Island South Carolina 
          2284          11860            931           2816 
  South Dakota      Tennessee          Texas           Utah 
           681           4173          12237           1203 
       Vermont       Virginia     Washington  West Virginia 
           472           4981           3559           1799 
     Wisconsin        Wyoming 
          4589            376 
> labels <- rep('M',length(z))
> labels
 [1] "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M"
[15] "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M"
[29] "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M"
[43] "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M" "M"
> r <- range(z)
> r
[1]   365 21198
> third <- (r[2]-r[1])/3
> third
[1] 6944.333
> labels[z<r[1]+third] <- 'L'
> labels
 [1] "L" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L"
[15] "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L"
[29] "L" "M" "L" "M" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "L"
[43] "M" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L"
> labels[z>r[2]-third] <- 'H'
> labels
 [1] "L" "L" "L" "L" "H" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L"
[15] "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L"
[29] "L" "M" "L" "H" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "M" "L" "L" "L" "L"
[43] "M" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L" "L"
> try <- rep('0',length('a','b','c','d','D','E'))
Error in length("a", "b", "c", "d", "D", "E") : 
  6个参数给'length'，但它只需要1个
> try <- rep('0',length(c('a','b','c','d','D','E')))
> try
[1] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0"
> try[c('a','b','c','d','D','E')=='D' or 'E'] <- 'grand'
错误: unexpected symbol in "try[c('a','b','c','d','D','E')=='D' or"
> try['D' or 'E' %in% c('a','b','c','d','D','E')] <- 'grand'
错误: unexpected symbol in "try['D' or"
> try['D' %in% c('a','b','c','d','D','E')] <- 'D'
> try
[1] "D" "D" "D" "D" "D" "D"
> class(state.x77[,'Population'])
[1] "numeric"
> 

a[表判断]

> x <- 1:100
> y <- cumsum(x)
> x[y>1000][1]
[1] 45
> x[y>1000]
 [1]  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54  55  56  57  58
[15]  59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68  69  70  71  72
[29]  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86
[43]  87  88  89  90  91  92  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100

rnorm+rep赋值给矩阵

> a <- matrix(rnom(100),rep(NA,10),10,11)
Error in rnom(100) : 没有"rnom"这个函数
> a <- matrixc((rnom(100)),rep(NA,10),10,11)
Error in matrixc((rnom(100)), rep(NA, 10), 10, 11) : 
  没有"matrixc"这个函数
> a <- matrix(c(rnom(100)),rep(NA,10),10,11)
Error in rnom(100) : 没有"rnom"这个函数
> a <- matrix(c(rnorm(100)),rep(NA,10),10,11)
Error in matrix(c(rnorm(100)), rep(NA, 10), 10, 11) : 
  'nrow'值不对(要么是太大，要么是含NA)
> a <- matrix(c(rnorm(100),rep(NA,10)),10,11)
> a
            [,1]        [,2]         [,3]        [,4]
 [1,]  0.3329615  0.04793705  0.037477987 -0.24252623
 [2,] -0.5669140  0.37711272 -0.230260169  1.27356870
 [3,]  1.1213740 -0.24713770  1.046733890  1.49651860
 [4,] -0.3384336 -1.16502063  0.179880464 -0.21916964
 [5,]  0.2973352 -0.04178224 -0.001296355  1.76691275
 [6,] -0.2595713 -0.85065294  0.332319072 -0.12570775
 [7,]  0.2777114 -0.74119781  0.568302248 -0.02887491
 [8,]  1.4560445  0.43064127  0.420080762 -0.83725447
 [9,] -0.7908618 -0.08980647 -0.250344614  0.71021647
[10,] -1.3006368 -0.38501266  0.775557935 -0.92192360
             [,5]        [,6]        [,7]        [,8]
 [1,] -0.71400061 -0.03249426 -0.62026598 -0.68589615
 [2,] -0.23826510  0.97780851  0.74227264  1.90590637
 [3,]  1.19993842 -0.11950672 -0.62335553 -0.37719232
 [4,] -0.26249393  0.42346517 -0.08921138  0.14100287
 [5,] -0.21058104 -0.54181577  0.13347800  0.42230558
 [6,]  0.57489937 -0.62522305  1.48535327 -1.27191928
 [7,] -0.97731564  0.13926235  0.64219836 -1.09901951
 [8,]  0.19358049 -2.02807607  1.13830452 -0.06119689
 [9,] -0.88440737  0.14864075 -0.05594436  0.48151829
[10,]  0.04235005  0.29023998  1.19318348 -0.83459020
            [,9]       [,10] [,11]
 [1,]  1.3699472 -1.36999886    NA
 [2,] -0.4293903 -0.28857496    NA
 [3,] -0.9760273  0.03655953    NA
 [4,] -0.6733804 -1.23415770    NA
 [5,] -1.1969666  2.44265269    NA
 [6,]  0.6937388  0.34012962    NA
 [7,]  0.7679690  0.25898140    NA
 [8,] -1.1563698 -1.31476586    NA
 [9,] -0.3817120 -0.16397948    NA
[10,]  0.4505097  3.03135348    NA
> ?matrix
> b <- matrix(c(rnorm(100),rep(NA,10)),10,11,byrow = T)
> b
            [,1]        [,2]         [,3]       [,4]
 [1,]  2.3766164  0.96283841 -1.828113678 -0.7843483
 [2,] -0.7769144 -1.58486503  0.978971900  0.5605751
 [3,] -1.5700084  1.34226939  1.254057769 -0.5162356
 [4,]  1.8153816  0.87945898  0.302644788 -0.3144600
 [5,] -0.5073049 -1.44950467 -0.632256118 -0.5348993
 [6,]  0.6704836  0.60466883 -0.244677515 -0.2963127
 [7,]  0.1835179 -0.13971351 -0.849932785 -0.4262905
 [8,] -1.0865432 -0.06656963 -0.006103377 -0.1888286
 [9,]  0.9101073 -0.78354478 -0.017019909 -0.8701914
[10,]  0.7325222          NA           NA         NA
            [,5]       [,6]        [,7]       [,8]       [,9]
 [1,] -1.0718752 -0.9730057  0.41073918 -0.5881476 -1.3381468
 [2,] -0.7330524 -1.1063261 -1.31884791  0.4922500 -2.1440940
 [3,]  0.9077007  0.4138164  0.91277978 -0.5863352 -1.1705801
 [4,] -0.5323043  0.5938083 -0.97148191  0.6721243  0.9270176
 [5,] -1.4353247  0.6227621  0.23461338 -0.8253810  2.0912687
 [6,] -1.2735505  1.3575962  0.98852420 -0.2623575  1.5552905
 [7,]  2.0750061 -0.1493344 -0.07850566 -1.1790894 -0.9773145
 [8,]  1.1679001  0.1723905 -2.50814724 -0.4556074  0.8206023
 [9,]  1.5962771 -0.5426055  1.44392460  1.3884188  0.3320231
[10,]         NA         NA          NA         NA         NA
           [,10]       [,11]
 [1,]  1.5652844  2.04591368
 [2,]  1.4544952 -1.30979709
 [3,] -1.1053906 -0.43280951
 [4,]  0.8718039 -0.51755494
 [5,] -0.4592517  1.41566830
 [6,]  0.1430702 -0.48643646
 [7,] -0.3183146  0.06412432
 [8,]  0.6202308  0.40449227
 [9,]  1.8633238  0.51624861
[10,]         NA          NA
> 
> #byrow=F, 默认按列排