云计算定义

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous（无处不在的）, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned（供给） and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. 

This  cloud  model  promotes  availability  and  is  composed  of  five  essential  characteristics,  three  service models, and four deployment models. 

Essential Characteristics: 

On-demand  self-service.  A  consumer  can  unilaterally（单方面的）  provision  computing  capabilities,  such  as server  time  and  network  storage,  as  needed  automatically  without  requiring  human interaction with each service’s provider.  
Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms  that  promote  use  by  heterogeneous  thin  or  thick  client  platforms  (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
Resource  pooling.  The  provider’s  computing  resources  are  pooled  to  serve  multiple  consumers using  a  multi-tenant  model,  with  different  physical  and  virtual  resources  dynamically assigned  and  reassigned  according  to  consumer  demand.  There  is  a  sense  of  location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction  (e.g.,  country,  state,  or  datacenter).  Examples  of  resources  include  storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. 
Rapid  elasticity.  Capabilities  can  be  rapidly  and  elastically  provisioned,  in  some  cases automatically,  to  quickly  scale  out,  and  rapidly  released  to  quickly  scale  in.  To  the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
Measured Service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability  at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,  processing,  bandwidth,  and  active  user  accounts). Resource  usage  can  be monitored,  controlled,  and  reported,  providing  transparency  for  both  the  provider  and consumer of the utilized service. 

Service Models: 
Cloud  Software  as  a  Service (SaaS).  The  capability  provided  to  the  consumer  is  to  use  the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from  various  client  devices  through  a  thin  client  interface  such  as  a  web  browser  (e.g., web-based  email).  The  consumer  does  not  manage  or  control  the  underlying  cloud 
infrastructure  including  network,  servers,  operating  systems,  storage,  or  even  individual application  capabilities,  with  the  possible  exception  of  limited  user-specific  application configuration settings. 
Cloud  Platform  as  a  Service  (PaaS).  The  capability  provided  to  the  consumer  is  to  deploy  onto the  cloud  infrastructure  consumer-created  or  acquired  applications  created  using programming  languages  and  tools  supported  by  the  provider.  The  consumer  does  not manage  or  control  the  underlying  cloud  infrastructure  including  network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 

Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,  storage,  networks,  and  other  fundamental  computing  resources  where  the consumer  is  able  to  deploy  and  run  arbitrary  software,  which  can  include  operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 

Deployment Models:

Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. 

Community  cloud.  The  cloud  infrastructure  is  shared  by  several  organizations  and  supports  a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.

Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
Hybrid  cloud.  The  cloud  infrastructure  is  a  composition  of  two  or  more  clouds  (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or  proprietary  technology  that  enables  data  and  application  portability  (e.g.,  cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 

云计算模型提高了可用性，由5个基本特征、3个服务模型和4个部署模型组成。

基本特征

按需自服务

宽带网络访问

资源池

快速弹性扩展

可测量服务 

服务模型

软件即服务（SaaS）

平台即服务（PaaS）

基础设施即服务（IaaS） 

部署模型

私有云

社区云

公有云

混合云