22、Java加密技术（四）——非对称加密算法RSA

<转>http://snowolf.iteye.com/blog/381767
[color=green]RSA [/color]
这种算法1978年就出现了，它是第一个既能用于数据加密也能用于数字签名的算法。它易于理解和操作，也很流行。算法的名字以发明者的名字命名：Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman。
这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化，上文我们看到DES只有一个密钥。相当于只有一把钥匙，如果这把钥匙丢了，数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥匙，公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于，对传输过来的数据进行校验。确保数据在传输工程中不被修改。

解锁分析：
甲方构建密钥对儿，将公钥公布给乙方，将私钥保留。
甲方使用私钥加密数据，然后用私钥对加密后的数据签名，发送给乙方签名以及加密后的数据；乙方使用公钥、签名来验证待解密数据是否有效，如果有效使用公钥对数据解密。
乙方使用公钥加密数据，向甲方发送经过加密后的数据；甲方获得加密数据，通过私钥解密。
按如上步骤给出序列图，如下：
[img]http://dl2.iteye.com/upload/attachment/0106/4846/e8093d7c-71b3-3f52-99b8-b9459ba992b7.jpg[/img]
[img]http://dl2.iteye.com/upload/attachment/0106/4848/00700350-ef93-3369-b4ba-079b26c1209e.jpg[/img]
[img]http://dl2.iteye.com/upload/attachment/0106/4850/88169f31-f0bb-3721-9ec4-5c21426e1e58.jpg[/img]
java代码实现如下：

package org.nick.encrypt;
import java.security.Key;  
import java.security.KeyFactory;  
import java.security.KeyPair;  
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;  
import java.security.PrivateKey;  
import java.security.PublicKey;  
import java.security.Signature;  
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;  
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;  
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;  
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;  

import java.util.HashMap;  
import java.util.Map;  

import javax.crypto.Cipher;  

/** 
 * RSA安全编码组件 
 * @version 1.0 
 * @since 1.0 
 */  
public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder {  
    public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";  
    public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";  

    private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";  
    private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";  

    /** 
     * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 
     *  
     * @param data 
     *            加密数据 
     * @param privateKey 
     *            私钥 
     *  
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {  
        // 解密由base64编码的私钥  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);  

        // 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  

        // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  

        // 取私钥匙对象  
        PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  

        // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名  
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);  
        signature.initSign(priKey);  
        signature.update(data);  

        return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());  
    }  

    /** 
     * 校验数字签名 
     *  
     * @param data 
     *            加密数据 
     * @param publicKey 
     *            公钥 
     * @param sign 
     *            数字签名 
     *  
     * @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false 
     * @throws Exception 
     *  
     */  
    public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)  
            throws Exception {  

        // 解密由base64编码的公钥  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);  

        // 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象  
        X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  

        // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  

        // 取公钥匙对象  
        PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);  

        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);  
        signature.initVerify(pubKey);  
        signature.update(data);  

        // 验证签名是否正常  
        return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));  
    }  

    /** 
     * 解密<br> 
     * 用私钥解密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  

        // 取得私钥  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  

        // 对数据解密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);  

        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  

    /** 
     * 解密<br> 
     * 用公钥解密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  

        // 取得公钥  
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);  

        // 对数据解密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);  

        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  

    /** 
     * 加密<br> 
     * 用公钥加密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对公钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  

        // 取得公钥  
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);  

        // 对数据加密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);  

        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  

    /** 
     * 加密<br> 
     * 用私钥加密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  

        // 取得私钥  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  

        // 对数据加密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);  

        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  

    /** 
     * 取得私钥 
     *  
     * @param keyMap 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)  
            throws Exception {  
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);  

        return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());  
    }  

    /** 
     * 取得公钥 
     *  
     * @param keyMap 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)  
            throws Exception {  
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);  

        return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());  
    }  

    /** 
     * 初始化密钥 
     *  
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {  
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator  
                .getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        keyPairGen.initialize(1024);  

        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();  

        // 公钥  
        RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();  

        // 私钥  
        RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();  

        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);  

        keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);  
        keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);  
        return keyMap;  
    }  
}  

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.Map;

import org.nick.encrypt.Coder;
import org.nick.encrypt.DESCoder;
import org.nick.encrypt.PBECoder;
import org.nick.encrypt.RSACoder;
public class Test
{
    private static String publicKey;  
    private static String privateKey; 
    public static void setUp() throws Exception {  
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();  

        publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);  
        privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);  
        System.err.println("公钥: \n\r" + publicKey);  
        System.err.println("私钥： \n\r" + privateKey);  
    }  
    //公钥加密
    public void test() throws Exception {  
        System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密");  
        String inputStr = "abc";  
        byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();  
        byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);  
        byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,  privateKey);  
        String outputStr = new String(decodedData);  
        System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);  
    }
   //私钥加密
    public void testSign() throws Exception {  
        System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密");  
        String inputStr = "sign";  
        byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();  
        byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);  
        byte[] decodedData = RSACoder  
                .decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);  
        String outputStr = new String(decodedData);  
        System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);  
        System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名");  
        // 产生签名  
        String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);  
        System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign);  
        // 验证签名  
        boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);  
        System.err.println("状态:\r" + status);  

    }  
    public static void main(String[] str) throws Exception {  
    	setUp();
    	new  Test().test();
    	new  Test().testSign();
    }  
}

公钥:

MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCJNhRKeRfe6e2+hOiuS4qHfrFw2hVPwylAZiDy
8ls/Lrz62b7a22FFCnziPXYCq/DKk1Ym4LS28xX+oZwt8i4M/TR0YmYBULtcvJ2homH/ZWq/pxaa
kG3j6cgM9wsk0QjNr831RF2ZfFlZzV0ehiWt0zpR/8esz95aOjtoJKSUqQIDAQAB

私钥：
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公钥加密——私钥解密
加密前: abc

解密后: abc
私钥加密——公钥解密
加密前: sign

解密后: sign
私钥签名——公钥验证签名
签名:
DPrQhahUXmued0AIVGBSweor/+Ef66jrk8u2tZ8ubCbfd3N4117sxbuyEoE1G0BBg3V8/1SxQrcB
rvlJ+SAFaFnvlBX+xa6QGoXtPCB6ZHiUA5UnSzAHQOWS8V9G1vct0Y+dcMQuyuvXskvuKj4JMKHd
3sMOuShmlmz5+ZWnVxY=

状态:
true

简要总结一下，使用公钥加密、私钥解密，完成了乙方到甲方的一次数据传递，通过私钥加密、公钥解密，同时通过私钥签名、公钥验证签名，完成了一次甲方到乙方的数据传递与验证，两次数据传递完成一整套的数据交互！

数字信封
　　数字信封用加密技术来保证只有特定的收信人才能阅读信的内容。
流程：
信息发送方采用对称密钥来加密信息，然后再用接收方的公钥来加密此对称密钥（这部分称为数字信封），再将它和信息一起发送给接收方；接收方先用相应的私钥打开数字信封，得到对称密钥，然后使用对称密钥再解开信息。