建模调参

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-11 17:47:03 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-09-11 17:47:03 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ora_dy/article/details/105247202

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Datawhale 零基础入门数据挖掘-Task4 ，赛题：零基础入门数据挖掘 - 二手车交易价格预测，地址：https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/231784/introduction?spm=5176.12281957.1004.1.38b02448ausjSX

目的

当我们建立好机器学习模型后，预测数据会与我们期望的有所偏差，这时我们就需要进行参数调整。

模型调参

调参，我们主要有3种常见的模式。

贪心调参方法
网格调参方法
贝叶斯调参方法

贪心调参方法是指，在对问题求解时，总是做出在当前看来是最好的选择。也就是说，不从整体最优上加以考虑，它所做出的仅仅是在某种意义上的局部最优解。选择的贪心策略必须具备无后效性

网格调参方法是指当你算法模型效果不是很好时，可以通过该方法来调整参数，通过循环遍历，尝试每一种参数组合，返回最好的得分值的参数组合。但是容易出现过拟合。

贝叶斯调参方法通过基于目标函数的过去评估结果建立替代函数（概率模型），来找到最小化目标函数的值。贝叶斯方法与随机或网格搜索的不同之处在于，它在尝试下一组超参数时，会参考之前的评估结果，因此可以省去很多无用功。但是超参数的评估代价很大，因为它要求使用待评估的超参数训练一遍模型，而许多深度学习模型动则几个小时几天才能完成训练，并评估模型，因此耗费巨大。贝叶斯调参发使用不断更新的概率模型，通过推断过去的结果来“集中”有希望的超参数。

综合上述概况，3种调参都有优缺点，熟练掌握，灵活运用才是关键。

内容部分

从模型创建开始说起，常见的模型：

线性回归模型
决策树模型
GBDT模型
XGBoost模型
LightGBM模型

简单介绍一下几种模型：

线性回归是一种被广泛应用的回归技术，也是机器学习里面最简单的一个模型，它有很多种推广形式，本质上它是一系列特征的线性组合，在二维空间中，你可以把它视作一条直线，在三维空间中可以视作是一个平面。线性回归最普通的形式是f(x)=w'x+b

决策树模型简单来讲就是递归树建立深度优先搜索机制。

GBDT模型是一个集成模型，可以看做是很多个基模型的线性相加，其中的基模型就是CART回归树。CART树是一个决策树模型，与普通的ID3，C4.5相比，CART树的主要特征是，他是一颗二分树，每个节点特征取值为“是”和“不是”。这样的决策树递归的划分每个特征，并且在输入空间的每个划分单元中确定唯一的输出。

XGBoost模型实际上是一种对GBDT的实现叭，Xgboost在建基模型树的时候，加入了正则项，相对于GBDT会控制基模型的…大小。然后Xgboost在建树的时候好像是采用了并行策略，多线程在跑。效果要优于GBDT

LightGBM模型不需要通过所有样本计算信息增益了，而且内置特征降维技术，所以更快。同时精度还高

代码部分

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')


def reduce_mem_usage(df):
    """ iterate through all the columns of a dataframe and modify the data type
        to reduce memory usage.
    """
    start_mem = df.memory_usage().sum()
    print('Memory usage of dataframe is {:.2f} MB'.format(start_mem))

    for col in df.columns:
        col_type = df[col].dtype

        if col_type != object:
            c_min = df[col].min()
            c_max = df[col].max()
            if str(col_type)[:3] == 'int':
                if c_min > np.iinfo(np.int8).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int8).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int8)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int16).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int16).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int16)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int32).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int32).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int32)
                elif c_min > np.iinfo(np.int64).min and c_max < np.iinfo(np.int64).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.int64)
            else:
                if c_min > np.finfo(np.float16).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float16).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float16)
                elif c_min > np.finfo(np.float32).min and c_max < np.finfo(np.float32).max:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float32)
                else:
                    df[col] = df[col].astype(np.float64)
        else:
            df[col] = df[col].astype('category')

    end_mem = df.memory_usage().sum()
    print('Memory usage after optimization is: {:.2f} MB'.format(end_mem))
    print('Decreased by {:.1f}%'.format(100 * (start_mem - end_mem) / start_mem))
    return df

sample_feature = reduce_mem_usage(pd.read_csv('data_for_tree.csv'))

continuous_feature_names = [x for x in sample_feature.columns if x not in ['price','brand','model','brand']]

# 线性回归 & 五折交叉验证 & 模拟真实业务情况
sample_feature = sample_feature.dropna().replace('-', 0).reset_index(drop=True)
#print(sample_feature.isnull().sum())
sample_feature['notRepairedDamage'] = sample_feature['notRepairedDamage'].astype(np.float32)
train = sample_feature[continuous_feature_names + ['price']]

train_X = train[continuous_feature_names]
train_y = train['price']

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

model = LinearRegression(normalize=True)
model = model.fit(train_X, train_y)
'intercept:' + str(model.intercept_)
sorted(dict(zip(continuous_feature_names, model.coef_)).items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
subsample_index = np.random.randint(low=0, high=len(train_y), size=50)

# 绘制特征v_9的值与标签的散点图，图片发现模型的预测结果（蓝色点）与真实标签（黑色点）的分布差异较大，且部分预测值出现了小于0的情况，说明我们的模型存在一些问题
plt.scatter(train_X['v_9'][subsample_index], train_y[subsample_index], color='black')
plt.scatter(train_X['v_9'][subsample_index], model.predict(train_X.loc[subsample_index]), color='blue')
plt.xlabel('v_9')
plt.ylabel('price')
plt.legend(['True Price','Predicted Price'],loc='upper right')
print('The predicted price is obvious different from true price')
plt.show()

# 通过作图我们发现数据的标签（price）呈现长尾分布，不利于我们的建模预测。原因是很多模型都假设数据误差项符合正态分布，而长尾分布的数据违背了这一假设
import seaborn as sns
print('It is clear to see the price shows a typical exponential distribution')
plt.figure(figsize=(15,5))
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
sns.distplot(train_y)
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
sns.distplot(train_y[train_y < np.quantile(train_y, 0.9)])
plt.show()

# 在这里我们对标签进行了 $log(x+1)$ 变换，使标签贴近于正态分布
train_y_ln = np.log(train_y + 1)
import seaborn as sns
print('The transformed price seems like normal distribution')
plt.figure(figsize=(15,5))
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
sns.distplot(train_y_ln)
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
sns.distplot(train_y_ln[train_y_ln < np.quantile(train_y_ln, 0.9)])
plt.show()

model = model.fit(train_X, train_y_ln)

print('intercept:'+ str(model.intercept_))
sorted(dict(zip(continuous_feature_names, model.coef_)).items(), key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)

# 再次进行可视化，发现预测结果与真实值较为接近，且未出现异常状况
plt.scatter(train_X['v_9'][subsample_index], train_y[subsample_index], color='black')
plt.scatter(train_X['v_9'][subsample_index], np.exp(model.predict(train_X.loc[subsample_index])), color='blue')
plt.xlabel('v_9')
plt.ylabel('price')
plt.legend(['True Price','Predicted Price'],loc='upper right')
print('The predicted price seems normal after np.log transforming')
plt.show()

# 五折交叉验证
## 在使用训练集对参数进行训练的时候，经常会发现人们通常会将一整个训练集分为三个部分（比如mnist手写训练集）。一般分为：训练集（train_set），评估集（valid_set），测试集（test_set）这三个部分。这其实是为了保证训练效果而特意设置的。其中测试集很好理解，其实就是完全不参与训练的数据，仅仅用来观测测试效果的数据。而训练集和评估集则牵涉到下面的知识了。
## 因为在实际的训练中，训练的结果对于训练集的拟合程度通常还是挺好的（初始条件敏感），但是对于训练集之外的数据的拟合程度通常就不那么令人满意了。因此我们通常并不会把所有的数据集都拿来训练，而是分出一部分来（这一部分不参加训练）对训练集生成的参数进行测试，相对客观的判断这些参数对训练集之外的数据的符合程度。这种思想就称为交叉验证（Cross Validation）

from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error,  make_scorer

def log_transfer(func):
    def wrapper(y, yhat):
        result = func(np.log(y), np.nan_to_num(np.log(yhat)))
        return result
    return wrapper

scores = cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y, verbose=1, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(log_transfer(mean_absolute_error)))
# 使用线性回归模型，对未处理标签的特征数据进行五折交叉验证
print('AVG:', np.mean(scores))
# 使用线性回归模型，对处理过标签的特征数据进行五折交叉验证
scores = cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=1, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error))
print('AVG:', np.mean(scores))

scores = pd.DataFrame(scores.reshape(1,-1))
scores.columns = ['cv' + str(x) for x in range(1, 6)]
scores.index = ['MAE']
print(scores)

# 模拟真实业务情况
## 但在事实上，由于我们并不具有预知未来的能力，五折交叉验证在某些与时间相关的数据集上反而反映了不真实的情况。通过2018年的二手车价格预测2017年的二手车价格，这显然是不合理的，因此我们还可以采用时间顺序对数据集进行分隔。在本例中，我们选用靠前时间的4/5样本当作训练集，靠后时间的1/5当作验证集，最终结果与五折交叉验证差距不大

import datetime
sample_feature = sample_feature.reset_index(drop=True)
split_point = len(sample_feature) / 5 * 4
train = sample_feature.loc[:split_point].dropna()
val = sample_feature.loc[split_point:].dropna()

train_X = train[continuous_feature_names]
train_y_ln = np.log(train['price'] + 1)
val_X = val[continuous_feature_names]
val_y_ln = np.log(val['price'] + 1)


model = model.fit(train_X, train_y_ln)
mean_absolute_error(val_y_ln, model.predict(val_X))
sss = mean_absolute_error(val_y_ln, model.predict(val_X))
print(sss)

# 绘制学习率曲线与验证曲线
from sklearn.model_selection import learning_curve, validation_curve

def plot_learning_curve(estimator, title, X, y, ylim=None, cv=None,n_jobs=1, train_size=np.linspace(.1, 1.0, 5 )):
    plt.figure()
    plt.title(title)
    if ylim is not None:
        plt.ylim(*ylim)
    plt.xlabel('Training example')
    plt.ylabel('score')
    train_sizes, train_scores, test_scores = learning_curve(estimator, X, y, cv=cv, n_jobs=n_jobs, train_sizes=train_size, scoring = make_scorer(mean_absolute_error))
    train_scores_mean = np.mean(train_scores, axis=1)
    train_scores_std = np.std(train_scores, axis=1)
    test_scores_mean = np.mean(test_scores, axis=1)
    test_scores_std = np.std(test_scores, axis=1)
    plt.grid()#区域
    plt.fill_between(train_sizes, train_scores_mean - train_scores_std,
                     train_scores_mean + train_scores_std, alpha=0.1,
                     color="r")
    plt.fill_between(train_sizes, test_scores_mean - test_scores_std,
                     test_scores_mean + test_scores_std, alpha=0.1,
                     color="g")
    plt.plot(train_sizes, train_scores_mean, 'o-', color='r',
             label="Training score")
    plt.plot(train_sizes, test_scores_mean,'o-',color="g",
             label="Cross-validation score")
    plt.legend(loc="best")
    return plt

plot_learning_curve(LinearRegression(), 'Liner_model', train_X[:10000], train_y_ln[:10000], ylim=(0.0, 0.5), cv=5, n_jobs=1)

plt.show()

#多种模型对比
train = sample_feature[continuous_feature_names + ['price']].dropna()

train_X = train[continuous_feature_names]
train_y = train['price']
train_y_ln = np.log(train_y + 1)

## 线性模型 & 嵌入式特征选择
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
models = [LinearRegression(),
          Ridge(),
          Lasso()]
result = dict()
for model in models:
    model_name = str(model).split('(')[0]
    scores = cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error))
    result[model_name] = scores
    print(model_name + ' is finished')

result = pd.DataFrame(result)
result.index = ['cv' + str(x) for x in range(1, 6)]
print(result)

model = LinearRegression().fit(train_X, train_y_ln)
print('intercept:'+ str(model.intercept_))
sns.barplot(abs(model.coef_), continuous_feature_names)
plt.show()

## L2正则化在拟合过程中通常都倾向于让权值尽可能小，最后构造一个所有参数都比较小的模型。因为一般认为参数值小的模型比较简单，能适应不同的数据集，也在一定程度上避免了过拟合现象。

model = Ridge().fit(train_X, train_y_ln)
print('intercept:'+ str(model.intercept_))
sns.barplot(abs(model.coef_), continuous_feature_names)
plt.show()

## L1正则化有助于生成一个稀疏权值矩阵，进而可以用于特征选择。
model = Lasso().fit(train_X, train_y_ln)
print('intercept:'+ str(model.intercept_))
sns.barplot(abs(model.coef_), continuous_feature_names)
plt.show()

## 非线性模型
## 除了线性模型以外，还有许多我们常用的非线性模型如下
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor
from sklearn.neural_network import MLPRegressor
from xgboost.sklearn import XGBRegressor
from lightgbm.sklearn import LGBMRegressor
models = [LinearRegression(),
          DecisionTreeRegressor(),
          RandomForestRegressor(),
          GradientBoostingRegressor(),
          MLPRegressor(solver='lbfgs', max_iter=100),
          XGBRegressor(n_estimators = 100, objective='reg:squarederror'),
          LGBMRegressor(n_estimators = 100)]
result = dict()
for model in models:
    model_name = str(model).split('(')[0]
    scores = cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error))
    result[model_name] = scores
    print(model_name + ' is finished')

result = pd.DataFrame(result)
result.index = ['cv' + str(x) for x in range(1, 6)]
print(result)

# 模型调参
## LGB的参数集合：

objective = ['regression', 'regression_l1', 'mape', 'huber', 'fair']

num_leaves = [3,5,10,15,20,40, 55]
max_depth = [3,5,10,15,20,40, 55]
bagging_fraction = []
feature_fraction = []
drop_rate = []
## 贪心调参
best_obj = dict()
for obj in objective:
    model = LGBMRegressor(objective=obj)
    score = np.mean(
        cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv=5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error)))
    best_obj[obj] = score

best_leaves = dict()
for leaves in num_leaves:
    model = LGBMRegressor(objective=min(best_obj.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0], num_leaves=leaves)
    score = np.mean(
        cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv=5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error)))
    best_leaves[leaves] = score

best_depth = dict()
for depth in max_depth:
    model = LGBMRegressor(objective=min(best_obj.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0],
                          num_leaves=min(best_leaves.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0],
                          max_depth=depth)
    score = np.mean(
        cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv=5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error)))
    best_depth[depth] = score

sns.lineplot(x=['0_initial','1_turning_obj','2_turning_leaves','3_turning_depth'], y=[0.143 ,min(best_obj.values()), min(best_leaves.values()), min(best_depth.values())])

## Grid Search 调参
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
parameters = {'objective': objective , 'num_leaves': num_leaves, 'max_depth': max_depth}
model = LGBMRegressor()
clf = GridSearchCV(model, parameters, cv=5)
clf = clf.fit(train_X, train_y)
clf.best_params_

model = LGBMRegressor(objective='regression',
                          num_leaves=55,
                          max_depth=15)
np.mean(cross_val_score(model, X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error)))

## 贝叶斯调参
from bayes_opt import BayesianOptimization
def rf_cv(num_leaves, max_depth, subsample, min_child_samples):
    val = cross_val_score(
        LGBMRegressor(objective = 'regression_l1',
            num_leaves=int(num_leaves),
            max_depth=int(max_depth),
            subsample = subsample,
            min_child_samples = int(min_child_samples)
        ),
        X=train_X, y=train_y_ln, verbose=0, cv = 5, scoring=make_scorer(mean_absolute_error)
    ).mean()
    return 1 - val
rf_bo = BayesianOptimization(
    rf_cv,
    {
    'num_leaves': (2, 100),
    'max_depth': (2, 100),
    'subsample': (0.1, 1),
    'min_child_samples' : (2, 100)
    }
)
rf_bo.maximize()
a = 1 - rf_bo.max['target']
print(a)

plt.figure(figsize=(13,5))
sns.lineplot(x=['0_origin','1_log_transfer','2_L1_&_L2','3_change_model','4_parameter_turning'], y=[1.36 ,0.19, 0.19, 0.14, 0.13])
plt.show()