Selenium
自动化测试工具,支持多种浏览器。爬虫中主要用来解决JavaScript渲染的问题
访问页面
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(browser.page_source)
browser.close() # 关闭打开的浏览器页面
如果此时提示"chromedriver’ executable needs to be in PATH",解决办法之一就是下载对应chrome版本的chromedriver并将其设置到环境变量里。
查找元素
单个元素
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
#两种方法输出结果相同
print(input_first,input_second)
browser.close()
输出
<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="65ae925b4facbf1a077bb58deeba9ee2", element="8a002996-e33f-49e0-bf4e-c713ed62be67")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="65ae925b4facbf1a077bb58deeba9ee2", element="8a002996-e33f-49e0-bf4e-c713ed62be67")>
类似的find方法有:
find_element(s)_by_name
find_element(s)_by_xpath
find_element(s)_by_link_text
find_element(s)_by_partial_link_text
find_element(s)_by_tag_name
find_element(s)_by_class_name
find_element(s)_by_css_selector
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')
#更通用的方法是传递by对象
print(input_first)
browser.close()
输出
<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c7e40fa14076fd3fdef121abccee50f9", element="fd3968ba-0725-445f-b326-594b24e3f4b0")>
多个
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')
#elements为复数,用于多个元素的查找,同样可以传入by对象
print(lis)
browser.close()
元素交互操作
对获取的元素调用交互方法
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input.send_keys('iPhone') # 输入
# 很重要的一步是:需要把chrome的驱动文件(最好是最新版)放
# 到python的安装目录下,不然会报错,而且chrome最好为32位
time.sleep(1) # 间隔一秒
input.clear() # 清空搜索框
input.send_keys('iPad')
button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')
button.click()
browser.close()
将动作附加到动作链中串行执行
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = "http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable"
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame("iframeResult") #切换
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#draggable")
target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#droppable")
actions = ActionChains(browser)
actions.drag_and_drop(source,target)
actions.perform()
browser.close()
执行JavaScript
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
browser.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,document.body.scrollHeight)")
# 传递js操作
browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')
获取元素信息
获取属性
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = "https://www.zhihu.com/explore"
browser.get(url)
logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.get_attribute('class'))
获取文本值
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = "https://www.zhihu.com/explore"
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.text)
获取ID、位置、标签名、大小
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = "https://www.zhihu.com/explore"
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.id)
print(input.location)
print(input.tag_name)
print(input.size)
Frame
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = "http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable"
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#draggable")
print(source)
try:
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name("logo")
except NoSuchElementException: #不能在子frame里查找父frame里的内容
print("No logo")
browser.switch_to.parent_frame()
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name("logo")
print(logo)
print(logo.text)
等待
隐式等待:当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候,如果WebDriver没有在DOM中找到元素,将继续等待,超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常,换句话说,当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候,隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找DOM,默认时间是0
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input)
显式等待:设定等待时间和等待条件,若在等待时间内无法满足等待条件,则抛出错误
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10) #创建对象、等待时间
input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))
#参数为元组,指定条件,成功则创建对象,失败则抛出错误
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search'))) # 按钮
print(input,button)
browser.close()
判断条件:
title_is 标题是某内容
title_contains 标题包含某内容
presence_of_element_located 元素加载出,传入定位元组,如(By.ID,’p’)
visibility_of_element_located 元素可见,传入定位元组
visibility_of 传入元素对象
presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某个元素值包含某文字
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame加载并切换
invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
element_to_be_clickable 元素可点击
staleness_of 判断一个元素是否仍在DOM,可判断页面是否已经刷新
element_to_be_selected 元素可选择,传元素对象
element_located_to_be_selected 元素可选择,传入定位元组
element_selection_state_to_be 传入元素对象以及状态,相等返回True,否则返回False
element_located_selection_state_to_be
传入定位元组以及状态,相等返回True,否则返回False
alert_is_present 是否出现Alert
详细见http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions
前进后退
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
browser.get('https://www.python.org/')
browser.back() # 后退
time.sleep(1)
browser.forward() # 前进
browser.close()
Cookies
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(browser.get_cookies(),"\n")
browser.add_cookie({'name':'name','domain':'www.zhihu.com','value':'germey'})
print(browser.get_cookies(),"\n")
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies(),"\n")
选项卡管理
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('window.open()') #创建新选项卡
print(browser.window_handles) #打印选项卡,列表数目为选项卡数目
browser.switch_to.window(browser.window_handles[1]) #切换到第二个选项卡
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
time.sleep(1)
browser.switch_to.window(browser.window_handles[0]) #切换到第一个选项卡
browser.get('https://python.org')
异常处理
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException,NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
except TimeoutException:
print('Time Out')
try:
browser.find_element_by_id('helloo')
except NoSuchElementException:
print('No Element')
finally:
browser.close()
详情:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions