使用valgrind检查内存使用问题

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-21 14:08:56 发布

蓝旭晨枫

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-21 14:08:56 发布

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介绍

Valgrind是用于内存检泄漏检测、内存调试以及性能分析的工具集。这里主要介绍其用与内存相关的工具Memcheck，它可以发现大部分的内存问题，例如内存泄漏，使用未初始化内存、内存越界等问题。

安装

我用的时Ubuntu，首先安装Valgrind工具：

<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">sudo</span> apt-get install valgrind</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

安装完成后，可以查看是否安装成功：

<code class="hljs brainfuck has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">valgrind</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">help</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

使用

Valgrind使用比较简单：

<code class="hljs fix has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">valgrind --tool</span>=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">memcheck Path ./excuteFile</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

注意，在编译为可执行文件时，最好加上-g选项，这样可以看到程序内存问题出现的语句;加上-O0选项，不让编译器给程序做优化。

使用未初始化内存

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>* p;
    <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*p</span>=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

编译

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">g<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">++</span> test1<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>cpp <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-g</span> <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-O0</span>  <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-o</span> test1</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

使用Valgrind查看

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">$ valgrind --tool=memcheck ./test1 
=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test1
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Use</span> of uninitialised value of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4006D5</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test1.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Invalid</span> write of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4006D5</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test1.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Address</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x0</span> is <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">not</span> stack<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, malloc'</span>d <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">or</span> (recently) free<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Process</span> terminating with default action of signal <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SIGSEGV</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Access</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">not</span> within mapped region at address <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x0</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4006D5</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test1.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">If</span> you believe this happened as a result of a stack
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  overflow <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> your program<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'s main thread (unlikely but
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  possible), you can try to increase the size of the
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  main thread stack using the --main-stacksize= flag.
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The</span> main thread stack size used <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> this run was <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8388608</span>.
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All</span> heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Use</span> --track-origins=yes to see where uninitialised values come from
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3978</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li></ul>

1、3978是进程ID，最前面那个行是Valgrind的版本信息。
2、后面指出使用未初始化的内存，大小为8,错误发生的位置。
3、最后HEAP SUMMARY说明在HEAP上内存使用情况。
整个输出大概就是以上几个部分。

越界使用内存

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> *p=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>];
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span>[] p;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test2
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Invalid</span> write of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x40077B</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test2.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Address</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x5a1d068</span> is <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes after a block of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> alloc<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2B800</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator new[](unsigned long) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x40076E</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test2.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All</span> heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4297</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

内存泄漏

<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> *p=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>];
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test3
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LEAK</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==    definitely <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">lost:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==    indirectly <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">lost:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==      possibly <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">lost:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==    still <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">reachable:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>==         <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rerun</span> with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4318</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

两次释放内存

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> *p=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>];
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span>[] p;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span>[] p;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test4
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Invalid</span> free() / delete / delete[] / realloc()
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2C83C</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator delete[](void*) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4007A6</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test4.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Address</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x5a1d040</span> is <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes inside a block of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> free<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2C83C</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator delete[](void*) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x400793</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test4.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All</span> heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4330</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li></ul>

使用已经释放的内存

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> *p=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>];
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span>[] p;
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test5
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Invalid</span> write of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x40079C</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test5.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Address</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x5a1d048</span> is <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> bytes inside a block of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> free<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2C83C</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator delete[](void*) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x400793</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test5.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All</span> heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4341</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

不匹配使用new/delete或new[]/delete[]

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> *p=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>];
    *(p+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span> p;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Memcheck</span>, a memory error detector
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Copyright</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2002</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2013</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNU</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GPL</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d, by Julian Seward et al.
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Using</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Valgrind</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.10</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SVN</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">LibVEX</span>; rerun with -h <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> copyright info
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Command</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> ./test6
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mismatched</span> free() / delete / delete []
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2C2BC</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator delete(void*) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x40078C</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test6.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==  <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Address</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x5a1d040</span> is <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes inside a block of size <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> alloc<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d
</span></span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==    at <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x4C2B800</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> operator new[](unsigned long) (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==    by <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x40076E</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> main (test6.<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cpp:</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>)
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">HEAP</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span>
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> use at <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">exit:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> bytes <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> blocks
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>==   total heap <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">usage:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> allocs, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> frees, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span> bytes allocated
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All</span> heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== 
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">For</span> counts of detected <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> suppressed errors, rerun <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">with:</span> -v
</span>=<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4375</span>== <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ERROR</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SUMMARY</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> errors from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> contexts (<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">suppressed:</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> from <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)</span></code>

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使用valgrind检查内存使用问题

介绍安装使用使用未初始化内存越界使用内存内存泄漏两次释放内存使用已经释放的内存不匹配使用newdelete或newdelete介绍Valgrind是用于内存检泄漏检测、内存调试以及性能分析的工具集。这里主要介绍其用与内存相关的工具Memcheck，它可以发现大部分的内存问题，例如内存泄漏，使用未初始化内存、内存越界等问题。安装我用的时Ubun
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