English book2 (unit8,12)

Unit8     Dolly’s False Legacy

一，词汇

1. People who suffer from infertility can seek medical advice to identify the cause and undergo treatment.

2. Published reports in February disclosed that the Pentagon had revised its strategic doctrine in the aftermath of the cold war to meet the hypothetical threat from several regional conflicts.

3. If profits should emerge in any field of production, the resulting increase in output would cause price declines.

4. In a broad sense, activities called thinking are internally adaptive responses to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli.

5. Surveys indicate that at least half of the 3 to 4 percent of newborns with birth defects suffer a major genetic contribution.

6. Have you specified where the new sofa will be put? It will certainly take up much room.

7. If we were not to enforce the newspapers’ promises of confidentiality, confidential sources would have no legal recourse against unscrupulous reporters or editors

8. How can you justify  your rude behavior towards your parents who love you so much?

 

二，完型填空

The noun “Clone” and the (1)verb  “to Clone” are not used consistently. In biology, a  clone is a cell or an organism that is genetically (2)identical to another cell or organism. Many simple organisms such as bacteria reproduce (3)themselves  by copying their DNA and (4)splitting in half. The two bacteria that result from this form of a sexual reproduction are (5)_genetically identical; they are (6)clones  of each other

In contrast, during the process of (7)sexual  reproduction, the nucleus of a sperm cell, which (8)carries  the father’s DNA, fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell, (9)which contains the mother’s DNA. The resulting (10)offspring  carry genetic material from both parents and are not identical to (11)either parent.

    The verb “to Clone” refers to the process of creating cloned cells  or (12)organisms .

The process (13)differs , (14)depending  on the kinds of cells used in the cloning procedure and the desired result.Usually, when scientists clone an animal, they (15)take  the nucleus of a cell— which contains chromosomes made (16)of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins—and (17)place  it into an egg cell (also called an oocyte) (18)from  which the nucleus has been removed.

 The egg cell then (19)divides  to produce an embryo that develops into an animal, if the procedures work (20)as  planned.

 

三．翻译

Why “copy” people in the first place? Couples unable to have children might choose to have a copy of one of them rather than accept the intrusion of genes from a donor. My wife and I have two children of our own and an adopted child, but I find it helpful to consider what might have happened in my own marriage if a copy of me had been made to overcome infertility. My wife and I met in high school. (to be continued)

首先为何要“复制”人呢？不能生育的夫妇可能选择复制他们自身而不接受捐献者的基因。我和妻子生有两个孩子，又领养了一个，但是假使克隆一个我自己来弥补不能生育的遗憾的话，那对我的婚姻意味着什么？这样的换位思考非常有益。我与妻子在高中相识。(后续)

How would she react to a physical copy of the young man she fell in love with? How would any of us find living with ourselves? Surely the older clone—I, in this case—would believe that he understood how the copy should behave and so be even more likely than the average father to impose expectations upon his child. Above all, how would a teenager cope with looking at me, a balding, aging man, and seeing the physical future ahead of him?

她将如何面对让她陷入爱河的那个年轻人的克隆？如果我们任何人发现和自己生活在一起，我们会做出什么反应？当然，那个被克隆的人——当前情况下，也就是我——将认为他理解他的复制品的行为，因而比起一般的父亲，他更可能强加一些愿望在孩子身上。但是，最重要的是，一个十多岁的孩子怎样能忍受这样的情形：看着我——一个日渐秃顶、衰老的人——明白这就是他将来的模样？

Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from a single cell in 1997. Since then scientists have been working to explore more possibilities in the cloning world. Recently Chinese scientists have also successfully cloned mammals such as an ox. But, the issue has caused a debate. The United Nations passed a declaration banning all forms of human cloning in February, 2005, saying it is contrary to human dignity. Supporters included the US and Germany. But not everyone agreed. China, Japan, Britain and another 32 countries believe limited cloning is helpful. China is against cloning another person, but supports limited cloning research for the treatment and prevention of diseases.

1997年克隆羊多莉成为第一个由单细胞克隆的哺乳动物。从此科学家们致力于探究这一领域更大的可能性。近来，中国的科学家也成功地克隆了哺乳动物，例如牛。然而，克隆引发了争论。2005年2月联合国发表禁止任何形式的克隆人宣言，宣言宣称克隆人违背人类尊严。这一宣言的支持者包括美国和德国。但是并非所有国家投赞成票。中国、日本、英国及其他32个国家认为限制性的克隆是有益处的。中国反对克隆人，但是支持为治疗和预防疾病进行的限制性克隆研究。

 

1、万一天公不作美下雨的话，球迷期盼已久的橄榄球赛将不得不延期举行。(in the event of)

In the event of rain, the rugby game long expected by fans will have to be postponed.

2、人们怀疑公司的这项举措是否符合绝大多数员工的利益。(in the interests of )

People have doubts if the measure taken by the company is in the interests of majority of employees

3、为了不辜负父母的期望，他尽了最大努力去实现目标——成为一名优秀的钢琴演奏家。(live up to)

In order to live up to parents’ expectations, he did the best to achieve his goal to become an excellent pianist.

4、你根据什么说那位官员收受贿赂？如果没有任何线索我们很难展开调查。(on ... grounds)

On what ground did you say that the official had taken bribes? If you couldn’t offer us any clues, it would be unlikely for us to make investigations.

5、恐怖活动日益猖獗，但是我们始终相信在世界各国建立反恐联盟的基础上和在各国人民的鼎力支持下，反恐事业定会迎来胜利的一天。(champion)

Terrorism is becoming rampant. However, we always believe that  the cause of counter-terrorism will for sure succeed one day, based on an alliance between nations and championed by people from all around the world.

6、社会结构改变可能会间接影响到犯罪率。比如说，经济波动往往导致工作机会减少，失业增加，因而引发犯罪率上升。(incidence)

Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect crime incidences. For example, economic fluctuations always lead to fewer job opportunities and rising unemployment, thus causing an increasing crime rate.

7、周日，阿伦·艾弗森在NBA全明星赛中因成绩优异而夺得最有价值球员称号。来自费城76人队的艾弗森在比赛中共拿到15分，其中助攻得10分，抢断得5分，从而为东部明星队敲开胜利之门。(spark)

Allen Iverson took the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award for his efforts during the NBA’s All-Star Game on Sunday. Iverson, of the Philadelphia 76ers, collected 15 points, 10 assists and 5 steals, to spark a winning performance by the Eastern Conference side.

8、克隆的寿命是否受到被克隆的父母的年龄的影响当然不是一个在短时期内就能说得清的问题，这有待于人类长期的，不懈的努力。(life span)

Certainly, it is not a question likely to be answered in a short period of time, whether a clone’s life span is affected by the years its parent has already lived, but one requiring our long-term and unremitting efforts.

 

 

Unit12    The Spirits of Cambridge

一，词汇

(1)  I untangled the thread while dad found a replacement capacitor and by 9 pm we had two completed cushions, four more cut out ready and my dad has been instructed on how to complete the rest.

(2)    The heroine is anguished by the thought that her sweetheart, who is believed to have been drowned, died while not in a state of grace.

(3)    Where there are obligations attached to testamentary succession or legacy, the successor or legatee shall perform them.

(4)    With melodious rhythm and refreshing style, this piece depicts the eye-catching scenery of the watery region in South, and the people's praise of their new life.

(5)    Anything good and characteristically Chinese that has been discarded must be restored and even improved.

(6)    Then he tentatively moved his limbs and found, to his surprise, that he was intact          and unhurt.

(7)    A slight shudder shook her frame, and she said, out of a dry throat, "God forgive me—It’s awful to think such things.”

(8)  It suggests that certain decisions will be made no matter what we try to do to alter them, and our most  fervent efforts to change ourselves are useless.

(9)Easter is a festival to remember Jesus who died and came to life again. It commemorates Christ' s resurrection from the tomb where he had lain for three days after his crucifixion. 

(10)You'd do very well at a spiritual retreat that encourages meditation, prayer and introspection.

 

二，完型填空

Cambridge University is an English autonomous (1)institution of higher learning at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng., on the River Cam 50 miles north of London.

The start of the university is generally (2)taken as 1209, when scholars from Oxford (3)migrated to Cambridge to escape Oxford's riots of “town and gown” (townspeople (4)          scholars). In 1663 the Lucasian professorship of mathematics was founded under the

(5)will of a former member of the university, and six years later the first holder resigned in (6)favor of Isaac Newton, then a young fellow of Trinity.

In 1871 the university (7)established the Cavendish professorship of experimental physics and began the building of the Cavendish Laboratory. James Clerk Maxwell was the first professor, beginning a leadership in physics at the university that would be (8)continued by J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford. Here, too, the team of Francis Crick and James Watson elucidated the structures of proteins and of the  (9) double-helix DNA, to found the modern science of  (10)                 biology. Noted Cambridge scholars in other fields have been the (11)naturalist Charles Darwin, the (12)economist  John Maynard Keynes, and the historian G. M. Trevelyan.

Many of the college buildings are (13)rich in history and tradition. King's College Chapel, begun in 1446, is one of Britain's most(14) magnificent buildings. The mulberry tree under which the poet John Milton is reputed to have written Lycidas is on the grounds of Christ's College. Samuel Pepys's library, housed in the original cases, is at Magdalene College. Two of the colleges contain (15) magnificent designed by Christopher Wren—Pembroke and Emmanuel. The gardens and grounds of the colleges along the River Cam are known as the “Backs,” and together they form a unique (16)combination of large-scale architecture, natural and formal gardens, and river scenery with student boaters.

The university library with well over 3,000,000 (17) volumes is one of a handful in the country that is (18)entitled to a copy of every book published in Great Britain. Noteworthy collections include the Acton Library of medieval, ecclesiastical, and modern history, the W.G. Aston Japanese library, the (19)papers of Charles Darwin, and the Wade Chinese (20)collection

 

三，翻译

  Cambridge University is a world-renowned university with a history of more than 700 years. It has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Milton, Byron and Darwin, who made outstanding contribution to the progress of mankind. Today, Cambridge University, which has produced more Nobel Prize winners than any other university, still takes a significant place among all the institutions of higher learning in the world. For 100 years, many Chinese scholars have traveled long distances to study in Cambridge. Today, the Chinese academic community still maintains good exchanges and cooperation with Cambridge. This has played a positive role in and exerted a sound influence on enhanced cultural exchanges and friendship between the Chinese and British people and progress in science and technology as well as in thinking.

剑桥大学是具有700多年历史的世界著名学府，曾培养出牛顿、培根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文等对人类进步事业作出杰出贡献的伟大科学家、思想家和诗人。今天，剑桥大学作为获得诺贝尔奖学者最多的大学，在世界高等学府中依然居于显要的地位。100年来，许多中国学者不远万里到剑桥求学访问。今天，中国学术界和剑桥大学继续保持着良好的交流与合作。这对加强中英人民的文化交流和友谊，推进科技和思想进步产生了积极的作用和影响。

 

(1)    唯一的儿子意外死去，她悲痛至极，一个星期都没有睡好觉。(anguish)

Her anguish at the unexpected death of her only child was so great that she did not have a wink of sleep for a week.

(2)    现代奥运会受古代奥运会的影响，在名称、举办周期、某些仪式和思想内容上继承了古代的优秀遗产，但又与古代奥运会有着本质的不同。(legacy)

By the influence of the ancient Olympic Games, modern Olympic Games inherits the ancient outstanding legacy in name, holding period, certain rites and thoughts, but it has essential difference from the ancient.

(3)    科学家们正在探索能以经济的方式进行环境恢复和废品处理的技术。(restoration)

The scientists are exploring the technologies required to perform environmental restoration and waste management in a cost-effective manner.

(4)    有的图案再现了小说中的人物，有的显示了主办者的标志，还有一些表现了抽象的概念。 (depict)

Some depict story-book characters, others suggest the sponsor's hallmark, and some represent abstract ideas.

(5)    尽快摆脱落后现状，迅速走向现代化，是社会进步与发展的必然要求，也是各族人民的强烈愿望。(fervent)

Rapidly shaking off its traditional backwardness and quickening its steps toward modernization are the natural requirements for the progress and development of the society and the fervent wish of all the ethnic groups.

(6)    他往往会因为鸡毛蒜皮的小事而暴跳如雷，可是当生命受到威胁时，却一反常态地镇静。(turbulent)

Excitable and turbulent in trifling matters, when actual bodily danger threatened he was an abnormal quiet.

(7)    我担心万一货物受损或被盗，保险公司可能会以包装不当为理由拒绝赔偿。(on the grounds of)

I'm still afraid that in case of damage or pilferage, the insurance company might refuse indemnification on the grounds of improper packing.

(8)    本文看起来是一篇幽默科幻故事，但是其用意却是向大众揭示地球上环境污染这一严肃的问题。（bring home to somebody）

Though the article sounds like a piece of humorous science fiction, it is intended to bring home to the public the serious problem of environmental pollution on the earth.