Enlish Book2 完型填空

<Book2-Unit1>

Guilt can be a feeling of (1)remorse about an action or situation in which you had some culpability or (2)responsibility. Sometimes we can feel guilty even there is no (3)reason.

    Any ideas about what has (4)triggered the guilt? What is of interest in our context is the neurotic sense of guilt which is a form of (5)anxiety  mostly connected to repressed, murderous rage. The person feels as if he had (6)committed a moral crime.

    Does too much (7)criticism really cause too much guilt? Harsh parenting leads to decreased (8)empathy, guilt, and self control. Children are more likely to (9)develop a sense of morality/ conscience if parents use induction. Guilt means that a person does something that (10)violates their moral code, (11)value  system, or their sense of right/ wrong and good/ bad. In other words, once they do something (12)against  their duty, people will have the sense of guilt. In the final analysis we judge things by whether they(13) fulfill the purpose for which they were made. It is a (14)generally accepted principle that one cannot condemn something for (15)failing to achieve what it was never (16)intended to achieve. If man is merely a (17)biochemical machine, he cannot be (18)judged on any moral grounds (19)since  the behavior of machines is predetermined by their very (20)nature  and is in no sense “moral.”

<Book2-Unit4>

Everything that the human race has done and thought is (1)concerned with the satisfaction of (2)deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to keep this constantly in mind  if one wishes to understand spiritual (3)movements and their development. Feeling and (4)longing are the motive force behind all human (5)endeavor  and human creation, in however exalted a guise the latter may (6)present  themselves to us.

Now what are the feelings and needs that have led men to (7)religious  thought and belief in the widest sense of the  words? A little consideration will (8)suffice  to show us that the most (9)varying  emotions preside over the birth of religious thought and (10)experience. With  (11)primitive man it is above all fear that (12)evokes religious notions—fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death. Since at this (13)stage  of existence understanding of causal connections is usually (14)poorly  developed, the human mind (15)creates illusory beings more or less analogous to itself on whose wills and actions these fearful happenings (16)depend. Thus one tries to secure the favor of these beings by carrying out actions and offering sacrifices which, according to the tradition (17)handed down from generation to generation, propitiate them or make them well (18)disposed  toward a mortal.

In this sense I am speaking of a religion of fear. This, though not created, is in an important (19) degree stabilized by the formation of a special priestly caste which sets itself up as a mediator  the people and the beings they fear, and erects a hegemony on this (20) basis .

<Book2-Unit5>

Though it's never fun to be stuck on a (1)crowded  plane, it can be excruciating on long-haul flights like the ones to Europe that so many (2)vacationers   are about to take. And with load factors—the percentage of seats filled—expected to reach 90 percent or more on many days this summer, finding space to (3)stretch  out is harder than ever.

Flights between the United States and Europe are particularly (4)tight  in August, when travelers returning from vacations abroad are also competing with Europeans (5)beginning  their holiday trips to the States. And so far, botched car bombings in London and Glasgow don't (6)seem   to be deterring travelers to Britain.

Anyone with the (7)cash  can pay more to stretch out in business or first class, but most travelers end up in coach, smashed up (8)against  a window, bumped by beverage carts in the aisle or worse—in the (9)dreaded  middle seat. But even without an upgrade or elite status in a frequent-flier program, it's (10)possible  to nab a spot on a plane with plenty of empty seats—if you know what to look for.

To help you find some room in the sky—and avoid that spot in the middle—here's a guide to (11)avoid  crowded planes to Europe this summer.

Some of the least-packed planes to (12)popular  European destinations are flown by airlines you might not think of. Take Los Angeles to Frankfurt. It's no (13)surprise   that the German carrier Lufthansa is one of the most popular airlines on that (14)route  .

Last August, 90 percent of its seats were (15)filled  , according to Back Aviation Solutions, an industry consulting firm.

But Air India, which flies that (16)same route on its way to New Delhi, was only half full last August.

While it's (17)difficult   to predict how full a particular flight will (18)ultimately   be this summer, Frederick Roe, regional manager at Back Aviation Solutions, said that taking a look at how full planes were on a (19)given   route last summer ''can be indicative'' of what to (20)expect  this year.

<Book2-Unit8>

The noun “Clone” and the (1)verb  “to Clone” are not used consistently. In biology, a  clone is a cell or an organism that is genetically (2)identical to another cell or organism. Many simple organisms such as bacteria reproduce (3)themselves  by copying their DNA and (4)splitting in half. The two bacteria that result from this form of a sexual reproduction are (5)_genetically identical; they are (6)clones  of each other

In contrast, during the process of (7)sexual  reproduction, the nucleus of a sperm cell, which (8)carries  the father’s DNA, fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell, (9)which contains the mother’s DNA. The resulting (10)offspring  carry genetic material from both parents and are not identical to (11)either parent.

    The verb “to Clone” refers to the process of creating cloned cells  or (12)organisms .

The process (13)differs , (14)depending  on the kinds of cells used in the cloning procedure and the desired result.Usually, when scientists clone an animal, they (15)take  the nucleus of a cell— which contains chromosomes made (16)of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins—and (17)place  it into an egg cell (also called an oocyte) (18)from  which the nucleus has been removed.

 The egg cell then (19)divides  to produce an embryo that develops into an animal, if the procedures work (20)as  planned.

 

<Book2-Unit12>

Cambridge University is an English autonomous (1)institution of higher learning at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng., on the River Cam 50 miles north of London.

The start of the university is generally (2)taken as 1209, when scholars from Oxford (3)migrated to Cambridge to escape Oxford's riots of “town and gown” (townspeople (4)          scholars). In 1663 the Lucasian professorship of mathematics was founded under the

(5)will of a former member of the university, and six years later the first holder resigned in (6)favor of Isaac Newton, then a young fellow of Trinity.

In 1871 the university (7)established the Cavendish professorship of experimental physics and began the building of the Cavendish Laboratory. James Clerk Maxwell was the first professor, beginning a leadership in physics at the university that would be (8)continued by J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford. Here, too, the team of Francis Crick and James Watson elucidated the structures of proteins and of the  (9) double-helix DNA, to found the modern science of  (10)                 biology. Noted Cambridge scholars in other fields have been the (11)naturalist Charles Darwin, the (12)economist  John Maynard Keynes, and the historian G. M. Trevelyan.

Many of the college buildings are (13)rich in history and tradition. King's College Chapel, begun in 1446, is one of Britain's most(14) magnificent buildings. The mulberry tree under which the poet John Milton is reputed to have written Lycidas is on the grounds of Christ's College. Samuel Pepys's library, housed in the original cases, is at Magdalene College. Two of the colleges contain (15) magnificent designed by Christopher Wren—Pembroke and Emmanuel. The gardens and grounds of the colleges along the River Cam are known as the “Backs,” and together they form a unique (16)combination of large-scale architecture, natural and formal gardens, and river scenery with student boaters.

The university library with well over 3,000,000 (17) volumes is one of a handful in the country that is (18)entitled to a copy of every book published in Great Britain. Noteworthy collections include the Acton Library of medieval, ecclesiastical, and modern history, the W.G. Aston Japanese library, the (19)papers of Charles Darwin, and the Wade Chinese (20)collection