DHCP

目录

一.DHCP概念

1.作用

2.架构

3.优点

4.租期

二.DHCP原理

三.拓扑图

1.相同网段

​ 2.不同网段

总结

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一.DHCP概念

DHCP——动态主机配置协议

是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。

1.作用

• 为客户机分发IP地址，子网掩码，网关，DNS服务器，租期等参数

2.架构

C/S架构  C—Client 客户机   S—Server 服务器

DHCP服务对应传输层的UDP协议。因为是C/S架构，所以DHCP客户机占用UDP 67号端口，DHCP服务器占用UDP 68号端口。

3.优点

• 简化了客户机设置
• 防止用户误操作
• 避免IP地址的重复

4.租期

DHCP客户机使用IP地址是有期限的。一般DHCP客户机使用DHCP分配的IP地址到了租期的50%的时候，会主动的向DHCP服务器发出续约的请求，DHCP服务器接收到DHCP客户机的续约请求后，DHCP服务器会检查此IP地址有没有被别的DHCP客户机抢先占用。如果没有，就续约成功。如果此IP地址有被其他的DHCP客户机占用，那么续约就不成功，此时DHCP客户机将会重新发起DHCP discovery请求来获取新的IP地址。

二.DHCP原理

• DHCP客户机向局域网中所有的DHCP服务器发送DHCP discovery请求

（DHCP客户机向DHCP服务器发送DHCP请求，来请求IP地址）

• 局域网中的所有DHCP服务器都会回复DHCP offer，为客户机提供IP地址
• 客户机选择第一台DHCP服务器回复的IP地址，并且要发送DHCP request通告给局域网内所有的DHCP服务器，它选择了哪个IP和哪个DHCP服务器

客户机发送DHCP request通告的原因有两层。

第一层是通告给所有DHCP服务器，让其他没有被选中的DHCP服务器把未使用的地址进行回收。

第二层是通告给被选中的DHCP服务器，这个地址DHCP客户机要使用了。

•    被选中的DHCP服务器收到DHCP request消息后，会给DHCP客户机回复一个DHCP ack，正式确认此IP可以被客户机使用，DHCP客户机将此IP与自己的MAC地址绑定起来，以便下次继续使用，而其他DHCP服务器把分配给该DHCP客户机的IP地址回收。

三.拓扑图

1.相同网段

二层交换机sw1
<Huawei>u t m 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname sw1
[sw1]user-interface console 0
[sw1-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[sw1-ui-console0]q	
[sw1]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw1]int e0/0/1
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access 	
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 10
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/1]int e0/0/2
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 20
[sw1-Ethernet0/0/2]int g0/0/1	
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk 
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan all

三层交换机

<Huawei>u t m 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname sw3
[sw3]user-interface console 0
[sw3-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[sw3-ui-console0]q
[sw3]vlan batch 10 20 
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw3]int g0/0/1
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk 
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan all
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/2
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type trunk
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port trunk allow-pass vlan all
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[sw3]dhcp enable 
Info: The operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment.done.
[sw3]int vlan 10
[sw3-Vlanif10]ip add 192.168.10.1 24
[sw3-Vlanif10]dhcp select interface   //第一种方法 指定DHCP接口	
[sw3-Vlanif10]dhcp server dns-list 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 
[sw3-Vlanif10]q
[sw3]ip pool dhcp2  //第二种方法 创建地址池
Info:It's successful to create an IP address pool.
[sw3-ip-pool-dhcp2]network 192.168.20.0 mask 24	
[sw3-ip-pool-dhcp2]gateway-list 192.168.20.1
[sw3-ip-pool-dhcp2]dns-list 3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4	
[sw3-ip-pool-dhcp2]lease day 2
[sw3-ip-pool-dhcp2]int vlan 20
[sw3-Vlanif20]ip add 192.168.20.1 24	
[sw3-Vlanif20]dhcp select global 

 2.不同网段

三层交换机
<Huawei>u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname sw3
[sw3]user-interface console 0
[sw3-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[sw3-ui-console0]q
[sw3]vlan batch 10 20 100
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw3]int g0/0/1
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk 	
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan all
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/2
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type trunk
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port trunk allow-pass vlan all
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]int vlan 10
[sw3-Vlanif10]ip add 192.168.10.1 24
[sw3-Vlanif10]int vlan 20
[sw3-Vlanif20]ip add 192.168.20.1 24
[sw3-Vlanif20]int g0/0/3
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]port link-type access 	
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]port default vlan 100
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]int vlan 100
[sw3-Vlanif100]ip add 10.10.10.1 24
[sw3]dhcp enable 
Info: The operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment.done.
[sw3]int vlan 10	
[sw3-Vlanif10]dhcp select relay 
[sw3-Vlanif10]dhcp relay server-ip 10.10.10.2
[sw3-Vlanif10]int vlan 20
[sw3-Vlanif20]dhcp select relay 
[sw3-Vlanif20]dhcp relay server-ip 10.10.10.2

DHCP服务器
<Huawei>u t m 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname r1
[r1]user-interface console 0	
[r1-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[r1-ui-console0]q
[r1]int g0/0/0
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.10.10.2 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[r1]dhcp enable 
Info: The operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment.done.
[r1]ip pool dhcp1
Info:It's successful to create an IP address pool.
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp1]network 192.168.10.0 mask 24
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp1]gateway-list 192.168.10.1	
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp1]dns-list 1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp1]lease day 2
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp1]ip pool dhcp2
Info:It's successful to create an IP address pool.
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp2]network 192.168.20.0 mask 24
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp2]gateway-list 192.168.20.1
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp2]dns-list 3.4.5.6 5.6.7.8
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp2]lease day 2
[r1-ip-pool-dhcp2]q
[r1]int g0/0/0
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dhcp select global 
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]display this 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
 dhcp select global
#
return
[r1]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 10.10.10.1
[r1]ip route-static 192.168.20.0 24 10.10.10.1

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总结

 1.无论是相同网段还是不同网段都要开启DHCP功能 [ ]DHCP enable

2.DHCP服务器中要设置静态路由