算法导论习题[Exercises 32.1-3 ]

Suppose that pattern P and text T are randomly chosen strings of length m and n, respectively, from the d-ary alphabet Σ_d = {0, 1, . . . , d - 1}, where d ≥ 2. Show that the expected number of character-to-character comparisons made by the implicit loop in line 4 of the naive algorithm is

 

 over all executions of this loop. (Assume that the naive algorithm stops comparing characters for a given shift once a mismatch is found or the entire pattern is matched.) Thus, for randomly chosen strings, the naive algorithm is quite efficient.

 

证明：

令 P 为单个字符比较匹配的概率， 1-P 为失配的概率 ,P=d^-1

比较次数       概率                             比较次数 * 概率

1                                       1 - P                                          1 - P

2                                       P （ 1 - P ）                           2P - 2P²

3                                       P² (1 - P)                             3P - 3P³

…

m-1               P^m-2(1 - P)                           (m-1)P^m-2 - (m-1) P^m-1 

m                  P^m-1(1 - P)+P^m-1P                 (m)P^m-1 - (m) P^m + (m)P^m

 

E = ∑( 比较次数 * 概率 ) = 1+P+P²+…..P^m-1 = (1-P^m)/1-P = (1- d ^–m )/( 1- d^-1)

 

令 f(x) = (1- x ^–m )/( 1- x^-1), 对 f （ x ）求导可知，在 m>1,x>=2 时导数为负，则 f(x) 在 x>=2 严格减函数，所以 f(x)<=f(2)<=2. 证毕。

 

由此可知，对于随机的字符串，朴素的字符串比较还是有效的。