C++输入输出运算符重载

C++允许运算符重载的目的是为了简化代码的编写和进行封装以便更好的使用。

但是C++运算符重载也有一些要求，比如有些运算符需要定义为类成员函数，而另外一些则要求定义为类的友元函数。

这里比较典型的就是输入输出运算符的重载，这两类运算符只能声明为类的友元函数。为什么呢？

因为如果将其定义为类的成员函数，调用时必须有类对象来调用，但是输入输出运算符的调用者为<<和>>的流对象。

下面的一个例子是定义的一个大整数类，然后对其输入输出操作进行了重载

#ifndef _BIGINTEGER_H_
#define _BIGINTEGER_H_

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
const int maxn = 1000;

class CBigInteger
{
public:
	CBigInteger();

	CBigInteger(CBigInteger &rhs);

	CBigInteger(const char *num);

	CBigInteger(int num);

	CBigInteger operator = (CBigInteger &rhs);

	CBigInteger operator = (const char *num);

	CBigInteger operator = (int num);

	std::string toString() const;

	friend std::istream& operator >> (std::istream &in, CBigInteger &bign);

	friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream &out, CBigInteger &bign);

private:
	int len;
	int bitn[maxn];
};

#endif

#include "BigInteger.h"
#include <string.h>

CBigInteger::CBigInteger()
{
	len = 1;
	memset(bitn, 0, sizeof(bitn));
}

CBigInteger::CBigInteger(CBigInteger &rhs)
{
	len = rhs.len;
	memcpy(bitn, rhs.bitn, sizeof(rhs.bitn));
}

CBigInteger::CBigInteger(const char* num)
{
	*this = num;
}

CBigInteger::CBigInteger(int num)
{
	*this = num;
}

CBigInteger CBigInteger::operator = (CBigInteger &rhs)
{
	if (this == &rhs)
		return *this;
	len = rhs.len;
	memcpy(bitn, rhs.bitn, sizeof(rhs.bitn));
}

CBigInteger CBigInteger::operator =(const char *num)
{
	if (NULL == num)
		return CBigInteger();
	len = strlen(num);
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		bitn[len-i-1] = num[i] - '0';
	}
	return *this;
}

CBigInteger CBigInteger::operator =(int num)
{
	char s[maxn];
	sprintf(s, "%d", num);
	*this = s;
	return *this;
}

std::string CBigInteger::toString() const
{
	std::string res;
	for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
		res += bitn[i] + '0';
	if (res.empty())
		res = "0";
	return res;
}

std::istream& operator >>(std::istream &in, CBigInteger &bign)
{
	std::string s;
	in >> s;
	bign = s.c_str();
	return in;
}

std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream &out, CBigInteger &bign)
{
	std::string s = bign.toString();
	out << s;
	return out;
}