Mysql事务处理

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-15 22:23:28 发布

John_Tai

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-15 22:23:28 发布

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分类专栏：数据库文章标签： MySQL Oracle SQL 设计模式

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一、事务

【定义】事务：是指作为单个逻辑工作单元执行的一系列操作

当前mysql的存储引擎中只有innodb和BDB实现了事务的ACID，并且实现机制和oracle是一致的，主要使用了mvcc的实现理论。

mysql的事务分两种，一种是标准的事务，也叫normal transaction ,还有一个叫statement transaction。其中normal transaction是标准的实现ACID的事务，而statement transaction是就是一个语句是一个事务。平时我们可以设置mysql autocommit为true，其实这里是只有statement transaction，没有normal transaction，就是把每个statement transaction当作一个normal transaction。

MYSQL的事务处理主要有两种方法：

1、用begin,rollback,commit来实现
begin 开始一个事务
rollback 事务回滚
commit 事务确认

2、直接用set来改变mysql的自动提交模式
MYSQL默认是自动提交的，也就是你提交一个QUERY，它就直接执行！我们可以通过
set autocommit=0 禁止自动提交
set autocommit=1 开启自动提交
来实现事务的处理。
当你用 set autocommit=0 的时候，你以后所有的SQL都将做为事务处理，直到你用commit确认或rollback结束。
注意当你结束这个事务的同时也开启了个新的事务！按第一种方法只将当前的作为一个事务！

常用的是第一种方法！

二、定义事务
MySQL默认的行为是在每条SQL语句执行后执行一个COMMIT语句，从而有效的将每条语句独立为一个事务。
在复杂的应用场景下这种方式就不能满足需求了。
为了打开事务，允许在COMMIT和ROLLBACK之前多条语句被执行，我们需要做以下两步：
1, 设置MySQL的autocommit属性为0，默认为1
2，使用START TRANSACTION语句显式的打开一个事务

如果已经打开一个事务，则SET autocommit=0不会起作用，因为START TRANSACTION会隐式的提交session中所有当前的更改，结束已有的事务，并打开一个新的事务。

使用SET AUTOCOMMIT语句的存储过程例子：

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account int , to_account int , tfer_amount numeric( 10 , 2 ))
BEGIN
SET autocommit=0 ;
UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance-tfer_amount WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance+tfer_amount WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
END;

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
    (from_account int, to_account int, tfer_amount numeric(10,2))
BEGIN
    SET autocommit=0;

    UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance-tfer_amount WHERE account_id=from_account;

    UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance+tfer_amount WHERE account_id=to_account;

    COMMIT;
END;

使用START TRANSACITON打开事务的例子：

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account int , to_account int , tfer_amount numeric( 10 , 2 ))
BEGIN
START TRANSACTION;
UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance-tfer_amount WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance+tfer_amount WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
END;

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
    (from_account int, to_account int, tfer_amount numeric(10,2))
BEGIN
    START TRANSACTION;

    UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance-tfer_amount WHERE account_id=from_account;

    UPDATE account_balance SET balance=balance+tfer_amount WHERE account_id=to_account;

    COMMIT;
END;

通常COMMIT或ROLLBACK语句执行时才完成一个事务，但是有些DDL语句等会隐式触发COMMIT，所以应该在事务中尽可能少用或注意一下：

Java代码

ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER TABLE
BEGIN
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE INDEX
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE TABLE
DROP DATABASE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP INDEX
DROP PROCEDURE
DROP TABLE
UNLOCK TABLES
LOAD MASTER DATA
LOCK TABLES
RENAME TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE
SET AUTOCOMMIT=1
START TRANSACTION

ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER TABLE
BEGIN
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE INDEX
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE TABLE
DROP DATABASE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP INDEX
DROP PROCEDURE
DROP TABLE
UNLOCK TABLES
LOAD MASTER DATA
LOCK TABLES
RENAME TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE
SET AUTOCOMMIT=1
START TRANSACTION

3，使用Savepoint
使用savepoint回滚难免有些性能消耗，一般可以用IF改写
savepoint的良好使用的场景之一是“嵌套事务”，你可能希望程序执行一个小的事务，但是不希望回滚外面更大的事务：

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE nested_tfer_funds
(in_from_acct INTEGER,
in_to_acct INTEGER,
in_tfer_amount DECIMAL(8 , 2 ))
BEGIN
DECLARE txn_error INTEGER DEFAULT 0 ;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION BEGIN
SET txn_error=1 ;
END
SAVEPINT savepint_tfer;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-in_tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=in_from_acct;
IF txn_error THEN
ROLLBACK TO savepoint_tfer;
SELECT 'Transfer aborted' ;
ELSE
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+in_tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=in_to_acct;
IF txn_error THEN
ROLLBACK TO savepoint_tfer;
SELECT 'Transfer aborted' ;
END IF:
END IF;
END;

CREATE PROCEDURE nested_tfer_funds
    (in_from_acct   INTEGER,
     in_to_acct     INTEGER,
     in_tfer_amount DECIMAL(8,2))
BEGIN
    DECLARE txn_error INTEGER DEFAULT 0;

    DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION BEGIN
        SET txn_error=1;
    END

    SAVEPINT savepint_tfer;

    UPDATE account_balance
       SET balance=balance-in_tfer_amount
     WHERE account_id=in_from_acct;

    IF txn_error THEN
        ROLLBACK TO savepoint_tfer;
        SELECT 'Transfer aborted';
    ELSE
        UPDATE account_balance
           SET balance=balance+in_tfer_amount
         WHERE account_id=in_to_acct;

        IF txn_error THEN
            ROLLBACK TO savepoint_tfer;
            SELECT 'Transfer aborted';

        END IF:
    END IF;
END;

4，事务和锁
事务的ACID属性只能通过限制数据库的同步更改来实现，从而通过对修改数据加锁来实现。
直到事务触发COMMIT或ROLLBACK语句时锁才释放。
缺点是后面的事务必须等前面的事务完成才能开始执行，吞吐量随着等待锁释放的时间增长而递减。
MySQL/InnoDB通过行级锁来最小化锁竞争。这样修改同一table里其他行的数据没有限制，而且读数据可以始终没有等待。
可以在SELECT语句里使用FOR UPDATE或LOCK IN SHARE MODE语句来加上行级锁

Java代码

SELECT select_statement options [FOR UPDATE|LOCK IN SHARE MODE]

SELECT select_statement options [FOR UPDATE|LOCK IN SHARE MODE]

FOR UPDATE会锁住该SELECT语句返回的行，其他SELECT和DML语句必须等待该SELECT语句所在的事务完成
LOCK IN SHARE MODE同FOR UPDATE，但是允许其他session的SELECT语句执行并允许获取SHARE MODE锁

死锁：
死锁发生于两个事务相互等待彼此释放锁的情景
当MySQL/InnoDB检查到死锁时，它会强制一个事务rollback并触发一条错误消息
对InnoDB而言，所选择的rollback的事务是完成工作最少的事务（所修改的行最少）

Java代码

mysql > CALL tfer_funds( 1 , 2 , 300 );
ERROR 1213 ( 40001 ): Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction

mysql > CALL tfer_funds(1,2,300);
ERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction

死锁在任何数据库系统里都可能发生，但是对MySQL/InnoDB这种行级锁数据库而言可能性相对较少。
可以通过使用一致的顺序来锁row或table以及让事务保持尽可能短来减少死锁的频率。
如果死锁不容易debug，你可以向你的程序中添加一些逻辑来处理死锁并重试事务，但这部分代码多了以后很难维护
所以，比较好的避免死锁的方式是在做任何修改之前按一定的顺序添加行级锁，这样就能避免死锁:

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds3
(from_account INT, to_account INT, tfer_amount NUMERIC(10 , 2 ))
BEGIN
DECLARE local_account_id INT;
DECLARE lock_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT account_id
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id IN (from_account, to_account)
ORDER BY account_id
FOR UPDATE;
START TRANSACTION;
OPEN lock_cursor;
FETCH lock_cursor INTO local_account_id;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=to_account;
CLOSE lock_cursor;
COMMIT;
END;

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds3
    (from_account INT, to_account INT, tfer_amount NUMERIC(10,2))
BEGIN
    DECLARE local_account_id INT;
    DECLARE lock_cursor CURSOR FOR
        SELECT account_id
          FROM account_balance
         WHERE account_id IN (from_account, to_account)
         ORDER BY account_id
           FOR UPDATE;

    START TRANSACTION;

    OPEN lock_cursor;
    FETCH lock_cursor INTO local_account_id;

    UPDATE account_balance
       SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
     WHERE account_id=from_account;

    UPDATE account_balance
       SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
     WHERE account_id=to_account;

    CLOSE lock_cursor;

    COMMIT;
END;

设置死锁ttl: innodb_lock_wait_timeout，默认为50秒
如果你在一个事务中混合使用InnoDB和非InnoDB表，则MySQL不能检测到死锁，此时会抛出“lock wait timeuot”1205错误

乐观所和悲观锁策略：
悲观锁：在读取数据时锁住那几行，其他对这几行的更新需要等到悲观锁结束时才能继续
乐观所：读取数据时不锁，更新时检查是否数据已经被更新过，如果是则取消当前更新
一般在悲观锁的等待时间过长而不能接受时我们才会选择乐观锁
悲观锁的例子：

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account INT, to_account INT,tfer_amount NUMERIC(10 , 2 ),
OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30 ))
BEGIN
DECLARE from_account_balance NUMERIC(10 , 2 );
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT balance
INTO from_account_balance
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account
FOR UPDATE;
IF from_account_balance>=tfer_amount THEN
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
SET status=0 ;
SET message='OK' ;
ELSE
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1 ;
SET message='Insufficient funds' ;
END IF;
END;

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
       (from_account INT, to_account INT,tfer_amount NUMERIC(10,2),
        OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30))
BEGIN
    DECLARE from_account_balance NUMERIC(10,2);

    START TRANSACTION;


    SELECT balance
      INTO from_account_balance
      FROM account_balance
     WHERE account_id=from_account
       FOR UPDATE;

    IF from_account_balance>=tfer_amount THEN

         UPDATE account_balance
            SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
          WHERE account_id=from_account;

         UPDATE account_balance
            SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
          WHERE account_id=to_account;
         COMMIT;

         SET status=0;
         SET message='OK';
    ELSE
         ROLLBACK;
         SET status=-1;
         SET message='Insufficient funds';
    END IF;
END;

乐观锁的例子：

Java代码

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account INT, to_account INT, tfer_amount NUMERIC(10 , 2 ),
OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30 ) )
BEGIN
DECLARE from_account_balance NUMERIC(8 , 2 );
DECLARE from_account_balance2 NUMERIC(8 , 2 );
DECLARE from_account_timestamp1 TIMESTAMP;
DECLARE from_account_timestamp2 TIMESTAMP;
SELECT account_timestamp,balance
INTO from_account_timestamp1,from_account_balance
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account;
IF (from_account_balance>=tfer_amount) THEN
-- Here we perform some long running validation that
-- might take a few minutes */
CALL long_running_validation(from_account);
START TRANSACTION;
-- Make sure the account row has not been updated since
-- our initial check
SELECT account_timestamp, balance
INTO from_account_timestamp2,from_account_balance2
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account
FOR UPDATE;
IF (from_account_timestamp1 <> from_account_timestamp2 OR
from_account_balance <> from_account_balance2) THEN
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1 ;
SET message=CONCAT("Transaction cancelled due to concurrent update" ,
" of account" ,from_account);
ELSE
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
SET status=0 ;
SET message="OK" ;
END IF;
ELSE
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1 ;
SET message="Insufficient funds" ;
END IF;
END$$

CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
    (from_account INT, to_account INT, tfer_amount NUMERIC(10,2),
        OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30) )

BEGIN

    DECLARE from_account_balance    NUMERIC(8,2);
    DECLARE from_account_balance2   NUMERIC(8,2);
    DECLARE from_account_timestamp1 TIMESTAMP;
    DECLARE from_account_timestamp2 TIMESTAMP;

    SELECT account_timestamp,balance
        INTO from_account_timestamp1,from_account_balance
            FROM account_balance
            WHERE account_id=from_account;

    IF (from_account_balance>=tfer_amount) THEN

        -- Here we perform some long running validation that
        -- might take a few minutes */
        CALL long_running_validation(from_account);

        START TRANSACTION;

        -- Make sure the account row has not been updated since
        -- our initial check
        SELECT account_timestamp, balance
            INTO from_account_timestamp2,from_account_balance2
            FROM account_balance
            WHERE account_id=from_account
            FOR UPDATE;

        IF (from_account_timestamp1 <> from_account_timestamp2 OR
            from_account_balance    <> from_account_balance2)  THEN
            ROLLBACK;
            SET status=-1;
            SET message=CONCAT("Transaction cancelled due to concurrent update",
                " of account"  ,from_account);
        ELSE
            UPDATE account_balance
                SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
                WHERE account_id=from_account;

            UPDATE account_balance
                SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
                WHERE account_id=to_account;

            COMMIT;

            SET status=0;
            SET message="OK";
        END IF;

    ELSE
        ROLLBACK;
        SET status=-1;
        SET message="Insufficient funds";
    END IF;
END$$

5，事务设计指南