linux ipc—socket通信

一 创建socket服务端的流程如下：
(1)创建socket，类型为AF_LOCAL或AF_UNIX，表示用于进程通信：
int server_fd;  
int client_fd; 
struct sockaddr_un server_addr;   
struct sockaddr_un client_addr;  
size_t server_len,client_len;  
  
unlink(SERVER_NAME);  
if((server_fd = socket(AF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0)) == -1) {
    perror("socket");
    exit(1);
}

(2)命名socket
这里面有一个很关键的东西，socket进程通信命名方式有两种。
普通的命名：socket会根据此命名创建一个同名的socket文件，客户端连接的时候通过读取该socket文件连接到socket服务端。
这种方式的弊端是服务端必须对socket文件的路径具备写权限，客户端必须知道socket文件路径，且必须对该路径有读权限。
抽象命名空间：这种方式不需要创建socket文件，只需要命名一个全局名字，即可让客户端根据此名字进行连接。
后者的实现过程与前者的差别是，后者在对地址结构成员sun_path数组赋值的时候，必须把第一个字节置0，即sun_path[0] = 0.

普通命名的方式：
//name the server socket    
server_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;  
strcpy(server_addr.sun_path,SERVER_NAME);  
server_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_un);  
client_len = server_len;  

抽象命名空间：
//name the socket
server_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strcpy(server_addr.sun_path, SERVER_NAME);
server_addr.sun_path[0]=0;
//server_len = sizeof(server_addr);
server_len = strlen(SERVER_NAME)  + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
其中，offsetof函数在#include <stddef.h>头文件中定义。因第二种方式的首字节置0，我们可以在命名字符串SERVER_NAME前添加一个占位字符串.
例如:#define SERVER_NAME @socket_server前面的@符号就表示占位符，不算为实际名称。或者可以把第二种方式的实现封装成一个函数：

int makeAddr(const char* name, struct sockaddr_un* pAddr, socklen_t* pSockLen)
{
    int nameLen = strlen(name);
    if (nameLen >= (int) sizeof(pAddr->sun_path) -1)  /* too long? */
        return -1;
    pAddr->sun_path[0] = '\0';  /* abstract namespace */
    strcpy(pAddr->sun_path+1, name);
    pAddr->sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    *pSockLen = 1 + nameLen + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
    return 0;
}  
提示：客户端连接服务器的时候，必须与服务端的命名方式相同，即如果服务端是普通命名方式，客户端的地址也必须是普通命名方式；
如果服务端是抽象命名方式，客户端的地址也必须是抽象命名方式。

(3)绑定并侦听
bind(server_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, server_len);
listen(server_sockfd, 5);

(4)等待客户端连接，并读写数据
while(1) {
printf("server waiting...\n");
//accept client connect
client_len = sizeof(client_addr);
client_sockfd = accept(server_sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_len);

//read  data from client socket
read(client_sockfd, &ch, 1);
printf("read from client %d: %c",client_sockfd,ch);
ch++;
write(client_sockfd, &ch, 1);
close(client_sockfd);
usleep(1000);
}
 
二 socket客户端创建流程
(1)创建socket
(2)命名socket
(3)连接到服务端：
//connect to server
result = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)&address, len);
(4)与服务端进行通信
//communicate with server socket
while(1)
{
printf("set send content:");
scanf("%c",&ch);
write(sockfd, &ch, 1);
printf("send to server:%c \n",ch);
read(sockfd, &ch, 1);
printf("read from server: %c\n", ch);
}
 
完整代码如下：

服务端server.c： 
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/un.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#define SERVER_NAME "@server_socket"
/*
 * Create a UNIX-domain socket address in the Linux "abstract namespace".
 *
 * The socket code doesn't require null termination on the filename, but
 * we do it anyway so string functions work.
 */
int makeAddr(const char* name, struct sockaddr_un* pAddr, socklen_t* pSockLen)
{
    int nameLen = strlen(name);
    if (nameLen >= (int) sizeof(pAddr->sun_path) -1)  /* too long? */
        return -1;
    pAddr->sun_path[0] = '\0';  /* abstract namespace */
    strcpy(pAddr->sun_path+1, name);
    pAddr->sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    *pSockLen = 1 + nameLen + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    int server_sockfd, client_sockfd;
    socklen_t server_len, client_len;
    struct sockaddr_un server_addr;
    struct sockaddr_un client_addr;
    char ch;
    int nread;
    //delete the old server socket
    //unlink("server_socket");
    //create socket
    server_sockfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    //name the socket
    server_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    strcpy(server_addr.sun_path, SERVER_NAME);
    server_addr.sun_path[0]=0;
    //server_len = sizeof(server_addr);
    server_len = strlen(SERVER_NAME)  + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
    //makeAddr("server_socket", &server_addr, &server_len);
    bind(server_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, server_len);
    //listen the server
    listen(server_sockfd, 5);
    client_sockfd = -1;
    client_len = sizeof(client_addr);
    while(1){
  		printf("server waiting...\n");
  		//accept client connect
  		if(client_sockfd == -1) {
   			client_sockfd = accept(server_sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_len);
  		}
 
  		//read  data from client socket
  		nread = read(client_sockfd, &ch, 1);
  		if(nread == 0) {//client disconnected
   				printf("client %d disconnected\n",client_sockfd);
   				client_sockfd = -1;
  		}	else {
   				printf("read from client %d: %c\n",client_sockfd,ch);
   				ch ++;
   				write(client_sockfd, &ch, 1);
  		}
  		usleep(100);//1000 miliseconds = 1 second
    }
    return 0;
}

客户端client.c
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/un.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#define SERVER_NAME "@server_socket"
/*
 * Create a UNIX-domain socket address in the Linux "abstract namespace".
 *
 * The socket code doesn't require null termination on the filename, but
 * we do it anyway so string functions work.
 */
int makeAddr(const char* name, struct sockaddr_un* pAddr, socklen_t* pSockLen)
{
    int nameLen = strlen(name);
    if (nameLen >= (int) sizeof(pAddr->sun_path) -1)
        return -1;
    pAddr->sun_path[0] = '\0';  /* abstract namespace */
    strcpy(pAddr->sun_path+1, name);
    pAddr->sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    *pSockLen = 1 + nameLen + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
	int sockfd;
	socklen_t len;
	struct sockaddr_un address;
	int result;
	char ch = 'A';
	//create socket 
	sockfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
	//name the server socket
	//makeAddr("server_socket", &address, &len);
	address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
	strcpy(address.sun_path, SERVER_NAME);
	address.sun_path[0]=0;
	//len = sizeof(address);
	len =  strlen(SERVER_NAME)  + offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
	//connect to server
	result = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)&address, len);
	if(result == -1)
	{
		perror("opps:client1");
		exit(1);
	}
	//communicate with server socket
	while(1)
	{
			printf("set send content:");
			scanf("%c",&ch);
			write(sockfd, &ch, 1);
			printf("send to server:%c \n",ch);
			read(sockfd, &ch, 1);
			printf("read from server: %c\n", ch);
	}
	exit(0);
}