设计模式之策略模式

所需知识

• C++基础知识多态
• UML类图基本元素
• UML类图关系组合

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注意

设计模式不是针对语言的，而是针对OO编程的（所以不管你是学Java还是C++或者其他面向OOP语言），设计模式是在总结中得到的。不是发明设计模式，而是发现。

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重点

(1) 多用组合，少用继承。
(2) 针对接口编程，而不是针对实现编程。
(3) 策略模式：定义算法族，分别封装起来，让他们之间可以互相替换，此模式让算法的变化独立于使用算法的客户。

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说明

Java有接口说法，而在C++中则没有。一般说接口，那就是指示一个C++抽象类。

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模型

C++示例代码

// strategy.h
#pragma once
class Strategy
{
public:
    Strategy() { }
    virtual ~Strategy();
    virtual void AlgorithmInterface() = 0;
};

class ConcreteStrategyA : public Strategy 
{
public:
    ConcreteStrategyA() { }
    virtual ~ConcreteStrategyA();
    void AlgorithmInterface();
};

class ConcreteStrategyB : public Strategy
{
public:
    ConcreteStrategyB() { }
    virtual ~ConcreteStrategyB();
    void AlgorithmInterface();
};

// strategy.cpp
#include "strategy.h"
#include <iostream>

Strategy::~Strategy()
{
    std::cout << "~Strategy()" << std::endl;
}

ConcreteStrategyA::~ConcreteStrategyA()
{
    std::cout << "~ConcreteStrategy()" << std::endl;
}

void ConcreteStrategyA::AlgorithmInterface() 
{
    std::cout << "ConcreteStrategyA "
            "AlgorithmInterface()" << std::endl;
}

ConcreteStrategyB::~ConcreteStrategyB()
{
    std::cout << "~ConcreteStrategy()" << std::endl;
}

void ConcreteStrategyB::AlgorithmInterface()
{
    std::cout << "ConcreteStrategyB "
            "AlgorithmInterface()" << std::endl;
}

// context.h
#pragma once
class Strategy;
class Context
{
public:
    Context(Strategy *stg);
    ~Context();

    void doAction();
private:
    Strategy *stg_;
};

// context.cpp
#include "context.h"
#include "strategy.h"

Context::Context(Strategy *stg)
    : stg_(stg)
{ }

Context::~Context()
{
    if(!stg_)
        delete stg_;
}

void Context::doAction()
{
    stg_->AlgorithmInterface();
}

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例子

接下来看《Head First设计模式》中策略模式之鸭子。
UML类图

代码实现

#include <iostream>

class FlyBehavior 
{
public:
    virtual void fly() = 0;
};

class FlyWithWings : public FlyBehavior
{
public:
    void fly()
    {
        std::cout << "I'm flying!" << std::endl; 
    }
};

class FlyNoWay : public FlyBehavior
{
public:
    void fly()
    {
        std::cout << "I cann't fly!" << std::endl;
    }
};

class QuackBehavior 
{
public:
    virtual void quack() = 0;
};

class Quack : public QuackBehavior
{
public:
    void quack()
    {
        std::cout << "Quack ..." << std::endl;
    }
};

class Squeak : public QuackBehavior
{
public:
    void quack()
    {
        std::cout << "Squeak ..." << std::endl;
    }
};

class MuteQuack : public QuackBehavior
{
public:
    void quack()
    {
        std::cout << "Mutequack ..." << std::endl;
    }
};

class Duck 
{
protected:
    FlyBehavior *flyBehavior;
    QuackBehavior *quackBehavior;

    virtual ~Duck() 
    {
        delete flyBehavior;
        delete quackBehavior;
    }

public:
    void performQuack() 
    {
        quackBehavior->quack();
    }

    void performFly()
    {
        flyBehavior->fly();
    }

    void setFlyBehavior(FlyBehavior *f) 
    {
        flyBehavior = f;
    }

    void setQuackBehavior(QuackBehavior *q)
    {
        quackBehavior = q;
    }
};

class MallardDuck : public Duck
{
public:
    MallardDuck() : Duck() 
    {
        flyBehavior = new FlyWithWings;
        quackBehavior = new Quack;
    }

    void dispaly()
    {
        std::cout << "I'm a real mallard duck!" << std::endl;
    }
};

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引用

《Head Fist设计模式》，美Freeman ，中国电力出版社，2007/09/01
设计模式精解－GoF 23 种设计模式解析附 C++实现源码