(1)定义函数
def greet_user1():
"""文档字符串的注释,描述函数做什么"""
print("Hello!")
greet_user1()
输出
Hello!
(2)向函数传递信息
def greet_user2(username):
"""文档字符串的注释,描述函数做什么"""
print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!")
greet_user2('pm')
输出
Hello, Pm!
在函数 greet_user2() 的定义中,变量 username 是一个形参,即函数完成其工作所需的一项信息。
在代码 greet_user2(‘pm’) 中,值 ‘pm’ 是一个实参。
(3)位置实参
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
输出
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
(4)关键字实参
关键字实参是传递给函数的名称-值对。你直接在实参中将名称和值关联起来了,因此向函数传递实参时不会混淆;
关键字实参的顺序无关紧要,因为Python知道各个值该存储到哪个形参中。
def describe_pet2(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet2(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
输出
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
(5)设置默认值 dog
def describe_pet3(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet3(pet_name='willie')
或者这样调用
describe_pet3('willie')
输出
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
使用默认值时,在形参列表中必须先列出没有默认值的形参,再列出有默认值的实参。
这让Python依然能够正确地解读位置实参。
(6)返回简单值
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('pm', 'lab')
print(musician)
输出
Pm Lab
(7)让实参变成可选的(让middle_name可选)
def get_formatted_name2(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
if middle_name: # Python将非空字符串解读为True
full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
else:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name2('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name2('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)
输出
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker
(8)返回字典
def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=''):
"""返回一个字典,其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
if age:
person['age'] = age
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=8)
print(musician)
输出
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix', 'age': 8}
(9)函数和 while 循环结合
def get_formatted_name3(first_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
f_name = input("First name: ")
if f_name == 'q':
break
l_name = input("Last name: ")
if l_name == 'q':
break
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
print("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!")
输出
Please tell me your name:
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: pm
Last name: lab
Hello, pm lab!
Please tell me your name:
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: q
(10)传递列表
def greet_users(names):
"""向列表中的每位用户都发出简单的问候"""
for name in names:
msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
print(msg)
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)
输出
Hello, Hannah!
Hello, Ty!
Hello, Margot!
(11)传递任意数量的实参
*toppings中的星号让Python创建一个名为 toppings 的空元组,并将收到的所有值都封装到这个元组中。
def make_pizza(*toppings):
"""打印顾客点的所有配料"""
print(toppings)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
输出
('pepperoni',)
('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
(12)可以将这条print语句替换为一个循环
def make_pizza2(*toppings):
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print("- " + topping)
make_pizza2('pepperoni')
make_pizza2('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
输出
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
(13)使用任意数量的关键字实参
**user_info中的两个星号让Python创建一个名为user_info的空字典,并将收到的所有名称-值对都封装到这个字典中。
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
"""创建一个字典,其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切"""
profile = {}
profile['first_name'] = first
profile['last_name'] = last
for key, value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_profile(
'albert', 'einstein', location='princeton', field='physics')
print(user_profile)
输出
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein', 'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'}
将函数存储在模块中
(14)导入整个模块
pizza.py
def make_pizza_im(size, *toppings):
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
"-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print("- " + topping)
接下来,在pizza.py所在目录中创建另一个名为making_pizzas.py的文件,这个文件导入刚创建的模块,再调用make_pizza()两次。
making_pizzas.py
import pizza
pizza.make_pizza_im(16, 'pepperoni')
pizza.make_pizza_im(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
Python读取这个文件时,代码行import pizza让Python打开文件pizza.py,并将其中的所有函数都复制到这个程序中。
在making_pizzas.py中,可以使用pizza.py中定义的所有函数。
语法为:
module_name.function_name()
(15)导入特定的函数
语法为:
from module_name import function_name
通过用逗号分隔函数名,可根据需要从模块中导入任意数量的函数
语法为:
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2
对于前面的making_pizzas.py示例,如果只想导入要使用的函数,代码如下:
from pizza import make_pizza_im
make_pizza_im(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza_im(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
(16)使用 as 给函数指定别名
如果要导入的函数的名称可能与程序中现有的名称冲突,或者函数的名称太长,可指定别名。
from pizza import make_pizza_im as mp
mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
语法为:
from module_name import function_name as fn
(17)使用 as 给模块指定别名
import pizza as p
p.make_pizza_im(16, 'pepperoni')
p.make_pizza_im(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
语法为:
import module_name as mn
(18)导入模块中的所有函数
from pizza import *
make_pizza_im(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza_im(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
语法为:
from module_name import *