1 修改表结构
1.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL库中表的字段修改,主要练习以下操作:
• 添加字段
• 修改字段名
• 修改字段类型
• 删除字段
1.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:添加字段
在studb中创建tea6表
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE studb.tea6(id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL, -> age int(2) NOT NULL -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
为tea6表添加一个address字段
添加前:
-
mysql> DESC tea6; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
添加address字段:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD address varchar(48); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.84 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
添加后(默认作为最后一个字段):
-
mysql> DESC tea6; +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | | address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在tea6表的age列之后添加一个gender字段
添加操作:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD gender enum('boy','girl') AFTER age; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认添加结果:
-
mysql> DESC tea6; +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | | | address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:修改字段名和字段类型
将tea6表的gender字段改名为sex,并添加非空约束
修改操作:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 CHANGE gender -> sex enum('boy','girl') NOT NULL; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认修改结果:
-
mysql> DESC tea6; +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | | sex | enum('boy','girl') | NO | | NULL | | | address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤三:删除字段
删除tea6表中名为sex的字段:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP sex; //删除操作 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea6; //确认删除结果 +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | | address | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2 MySQL索引创建与删除
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
• 普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
• 自增主键索引的创建/删除
• 建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
表-1 员工表yg的数据
表-2 工资表gz的数据
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:
-
mysql> create database home; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
-
mysql> USE home; Database changed mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4( -> id char(6) NOT NULL, -> name varchar(6) NOT NULL, -> age int(3) NOT NULL, -> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy', -> INDEX(id),INDEX(name) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
-
mysql> DESC tea4; +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | | | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
-
mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //删除name字段的索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea4; //确认删除结果 +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | | | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
-
mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //针对指定字段创建索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea4; //确认创建结果 +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | | +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
-
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tea4 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: id Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE //使用B树算法 Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: tea4 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: nianling //索引名称 Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: age //字段名称 Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5( -> id char(6), -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL, -> age int(3) NOT NULL, -> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
-
mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果 +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
-
mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea5; //确认删除结果 +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
-
mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果 +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01( -> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, //直接在字段定义时约束 -> name varchar(8) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
或者:
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02( -> id int(4), -> name varchar(8), -> PRIMARY KEY(id) //所有字段定义完,最后指定 -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6( -> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT, -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL, -> age int(2) NOT NULL, -> PRIMARY KEY(id) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):
-
mysql> DESC biao01; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清除操作:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
清除后(无主键):
-
mysql> DESC biao01; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | | | name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主键 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc tea6; //确认清除结果 +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //设置主键字段 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tea6; //确认设置结果 +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE yg( -> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT, -> name char(16) NOT NULL, -> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
-
mysql> CREATE TABLE gz( -> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL, -> name char(16) NOT NULL, -> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, -> INDEX(name), -> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id) -> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:
-
mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom'); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认yg表的数据记录:
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg; +-------+-------+ | yg_id | name | +-------+-------+ | 1 | Jerry | | 2 | Tom | +-------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
-
mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz) -> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000) -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认gz表的数据记录:
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz; +-------+-------+----------+ | gz_id | name | gz | +-------+-------+----------+ | 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 | | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 | +-------+-------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:
-
mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
确认修改结果:
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg; +-------+-------+ | yg_id | name | +-------+-------+ | 2 | Tom | | 1234 | Jerry | +-------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz; +-------+-------+----------+ | gz_id | name | gz | +-------+-------+----------+ | 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 | | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 | +-------+-------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:
-
mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
确认删除结果:
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM yg; +-------+------+ | yg_id | name | +-------+------+ | 2 | Tom | +-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
-
mysql> SELECT * FROM gz; +-------+------+---------+ | gz_id | name | gz | +-------+------+---------+ | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 | +-------+------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
-
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: gz Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` ( `gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL, `name` char(16) NOT NULL, `gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00', KEY `name` (`name`), KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`), CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
删除操作:
-
mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
确认删除结果:
-
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: gz Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` ( `gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL, `name` char(16) NOT NULL, `gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00', KEY `name` (`name`), KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec)