MySQL的基本操作(二)

本文详细介绍了MySQL中如何修改表结构,包括添加、修改和删除字段,以及创建和删除不同类型的索引,如普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引。同时,还阐述了外键的设置,实现表间数据的同步更新和删除,以及外键约束的删除操作。
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1 修改表结构
1.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL库中表的字段修改,主要练习以下操作:
• 添加字段
• 修改字段名
• 修改字段类型
• 删除字段
1.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:添加字段
在studb中创建tea6表

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE studb.tea6(id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,
     -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
     -> age int(2) NOT NULL
     -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
    

为tea6表添加一个address字段
添加前:

  1.  mysql> DESC tea6;
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

添加address字段:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD address varchar(48);
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.84 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

添加后(默认作为最后一个字段):

  1.  mysql> DESC tea6;
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id      | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name    | varchar(4)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age     | int(2)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | address | varchar(48) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

3)在tea6表的age列之后添加一个gender字段
添加操作:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD gender enum('boy','girl') AFTER age;
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

确认添加结果:

  1.  mysql> DESC tea6;
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field   | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id      | int(4)             | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name    | varchar(4)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age     | int(2)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | gender  | enum('boy','girl') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     | address | varchar(48)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

步骤二:修改字段名和字段类型
将tea6表的gender字段改名为sex,并添加非空约束
修改操作:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 CHANGE gender
         -> sex enum('boy','girl') NOT NULL;
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

确认修改结果:

  1.  mysql> DESC tea6;
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field   | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id      | int(4)             | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name    | varchar(4)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age     | int(2)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | sex     | enum('boy','girl') | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | address | varchar(48)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +---------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

步骤三:删除字段
删除tea6表中名为sex的字段:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP sex;                             //删除操作
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea6;                                          //确认删除结果
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id      | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name    | varchar(4)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age     | int(2)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | address | varchar(48) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

2 MySQL索引创建与删除
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
• 普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
• 自增主键索引的创建/删除
• 建立员工表yg、工资表gz,数据内容如表-1、表-2所示,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
表-1 员工表yg的数据

表-2 工资表gz的数据

2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:索引的创建与删除
创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
创建库home:

  1.  mysql> create database home;
     Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    

允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:

  1.  mysql> USE home;
     Database changed
     mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(
         -> id char(6) NOT NULL,
        -> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,
         -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
       -> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
        -> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)
        -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
    

查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:

  1.  mysql> DESC tea4;
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     | name   | varchar(6)         | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     | age    | int(3)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES  |     | boy     |       |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:

  1.  mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4;                  //删除name字段的索引
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea4;                                      //确认删除结果
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     | name   | varchar(6)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age    | int(3)             | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES  |     | boy     |       |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:

  1.  mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age);      //针对指定字段创建索引
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea4;                                  //确认创建结果
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field  | Type               | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id     | char(6)            | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     | name   | varchar(6)         | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age    | int(3)             | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES  |     | boy     |       |
     +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:

  1.  mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\G
     *************************** 1. row ***************************
            Table: tea4
        Non_unique: 1
         Key_name: id
      Seq_in_index: 1
       Column_name: id
       Collation: A
       Cardinality: 0
    	  Sub_part: NULL
       	 Packed: NULL
      	    Null: 
       Index_type: BTREE                          //使用B树算法
      	 Comment: 
     Index_comment: 
     *************************** 2. row ***************************
        	 Table: tea4
      Non_unique: 1
    	  Key_name: nianling                       //索引名称
      Seq_in_index: 1
       Column_name: age                            //字段名称
        Collation: A
      Cardinality: 0
        Sub_part: NULL
    	    Packed: NULL
         	 Null: 
    	Index_type: BTREE
     	  Comment: 
     Index_comment: 
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(
         -> id char(6),
         -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
    	 -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
     	  -> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)
        -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
    

查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:

  1.  mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认设置结果
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
    

6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):

  1.  mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5;                     //清除UNIQUE索引
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认删除结果
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:

  1.  mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name);      //建立UNIQUE索引
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea5;                                      //确认设置结果
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | char(6)    | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(3)     | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(
         -> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY,                      //直接在字段定义时约束
       -> name varchar(8)
       -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
    

或者:

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(
         -> id int(4),
        -> name varchar(8),
        -> PRIMARY KEY(id)                              //所有字段定义完,最后指定
         -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
    

在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(
         -> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
        -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
        -> age int(2) NOT NULL,
       -> PRIMARY KEY(id)
       -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
    

8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
清除前(主键为id):

  1.  mysql> DESC biao01;
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(8) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

清除操作:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

清除后(无主键):

  1.  mysql> DESC biao01;
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | int(4)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(8) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
     ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
    

这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

然后再清除主键属性就OK了:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;                  //清除主键
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> desc tea6;                                         //确认清除结果
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | int(4)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    

9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id);              //设置主键字段
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
     mysql> DESC tea6;                                          //确认设置结果
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+		| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     | id    | int(4)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
     | name  | varchar(4) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     | age   | int(2)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
     +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
     3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(
     -> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
     -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
     -> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)
     -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
    

2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:

  1.  mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(
     -> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
     -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
     -> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
     -> INDEX(name),
     -> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)
     -> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
     -> );
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
    

3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:

  1.  mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom');
     Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)
     Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

确认yg表的数据记录:

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
     +-------+-------+
     | yg_id | name  |
     +-------+-------+
     |     1 | Jerry |
     |     2 | Tom   |
     +-------+-------+
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):

  1.  mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)
     -> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000)
     -> ;
     Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
     Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

确认gz表的数据记录:

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
     +-------+-------+----------+
     | gz_id | name  | gz       |
     +-------+-------+----------+
     |     1 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
     |     2 | Tom   |  8000.00 |
     +-------+-------+----------+
     2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
    

5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:

  1.  mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry';
     Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
     Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
    

确认修改结果:

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
     +-------+-------+
     | yg_id | name  |
     +-------+-------+
     |     2 | Tom   |
     |  1234 | Jerry |
     +-------+-------+
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
     +-------+-------+----------+
     | gz_id | name  | gz       |
     +-------+-------+----------+
     |  1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
     |     2 | Tom   |  8000.00 |
     +-------+-------+----------+
     2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:

  1.  mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry';
     Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
    

确认删除结果:

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM yg;
     +-------+------+
     | yg_id | name |
     +-------+------+
     |     2 | Tom  |
     +-------+------+
     1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):

  1.  mysql> SELECT * FROM gz;
     +-------+------+---------+
     | gz_id | name | gz      |
     +-------+------+---------+
     |     2 | Tom  | 8000.00 |
     +-------+------+---------+
     1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

7)删除指定表的外键约束
先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:

  1.  mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
     *************************** 1. row ***************************
           Table: gz
     Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (
       `gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,
       `name` char(16) NOT NULL,
       `gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
       KEY `name` (`name`),
      KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`),
       CONSTRAINT `gz_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`gz_id`) REFERENCES `yg` (`yg_id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
     ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
     1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
删除操作:

  1.  mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;
     Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
     Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    

确认删除结果:

  1.  mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
     *************************** 1. row ***************************
           Table: gz
     Create Table: CREATE TABLE `gz` (
       `gz_id` int(4) NOT NULL,
       `name` char(16) NOT NULL,
      `gz` float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
       KEY `name` (`name`),
       KEY `gz_id` (`gz_id`)
     ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
     1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
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