python解包常用操作

👋 前言

简介：解包是一种在Python中将可迭代对象（如列表、元组）拆分为单独变量的技术。通过解包，可以方便地将可迭代对象的元素分配给多个变量，从而简化代码并提高可读性。

💡 正文

1 基本解包

1.1 元组和列表

1.1.1 基础解包方式

tup = (1, 2, 3)
a, b, c = tup
print(f"a:{a},b:{b},c:{c}")

# a:1,b:2,c:3

lst = [1, 2, 3]
a, b, c = lst
print(f"a:{a},b:{b},c:{c}")

# a:1,b:2,c:3

1.1.2 拓展解包

tup = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
a, *b, c = tup
print(f"a:{a},b:{b},c:{c}")

# a:1,b:[2, 3, 4],c:5

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a, *b, c = lst
print(f"a:{a},b:{b},c:{c}")

# a:1,b:[2, 3, 4],c:5

1.1.3 忽略元素

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
num1, _, num3, _, num5 = numbers
print(f"num1:{num1},num3:{num3},num5:{num5}")

# num1:1,num3:3,num5:5

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
num1, _, num3, _, num5 = numbers
print(f"num1:{num1},num3:{num3},num5:{num5}")

# num1:1,num3:3,num5:5

1.1.4 嵌套解包

stu = ("张三", 18, "男", ("四川", "中国"))
name, age, sex, (province, country) = stu
print(f"name:{name},age:{age},sex:{sex},province:{province},country:{country}")

# name:张三,age:18,sex:男,province:四川,country:中国

stu = ["张三", 18, "男", ["四川", "中国"]]
name, age, sex, [province, country] = stu
print(f"name:{name},age:{age},sex:{sex},province:{province},country:{country}")

# name:张三,age:18,sex:男,province:四川,country:中国

1.2 字典

1.2.1 基础解包方式

stu = {"id": 1001, "name": "张三", "age": 18}
id, name, age = stu.values()
print(f"id:{id}, name:{name}, age:{age}")

# id:1001, name:张三, age:18

1.2.2 zip函数拓展解包

k = ["id", "name", "age"]
v = [1001, "张三", 18]
d = dict(zip(k, v))
id, name, age = d.values()
print(f"id:{id}, name:{name}, age:{age}")

# id:1001, name:张三, age:18

1.2.3 忽略元素

stu = {"id": 1001, "name": "张三", "age": 18}
id, name, _ = stu.values()
print(f"id:{id}, name:{name}")

# id:1001, name:张三

1.3 解包函数返回值

def get_stu_info():
    return '张三', 18

name, age = get_stu_info()
print(f"name:{name},age:{age}")

#name:张三,age:18

1.4 迭代遍历

stu_info = [('张三', 18), ('李四', 19), ('王五', 20)]

for name, age in stu_info:
    print(f'{name}: {age}')
    
# 张三: 18
# 李四: 19
# 王五: 20

2 异常处理

2.1 判断

防止解包失败，通过默认值解决

lst = [1, 2]
a, b, c = lst[0], lst[1] if len(lst) > 1 else None, None
print(f"a:{a},b:{b},c:{c}")

2.2 异常捕获处理

通过try和except块，来捕获可能发生的异常错误

lst = [1, 2]
try:
    a, b, c = lst
except ValueError as e:
    print(f"错误原因: {e}")
    
# 错误原因: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)

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