PyQt5 - QWidgets部件进阶教程之计算器

废话

该案例包含两个类：
- 计算器是一个Calculator部件，包含所有计算器功能
- Button部件用于每个计算机按钮，它由QToolButton派生
我们先校验计算器，然后再看按钮

---

定义计算器类

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import *
from PyQt5.QtCore import *
import sys

class Calculator(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Calculator, self).__init__()


app = QApplication(sys.argv)
cal = Calculator
cal.show()
app.exec_()

• 相关槽（cpp）

private slots:
    void digitClicked();
    void unaryOperatorClicked();
    void additiveOperatorClicked();
    void multiplicativeOperatorClicked();
    void equalClicked();
    void pointClicked();
    void changeSignClicked();
    void backspaceClicked();
    void clear();
    void clearAll();
    void clearMemory();
    void readMemory();
    void setMemory();
    void addToMemory();

按钮根据他们的行为分类组合，例如所有数字按钮在当前的操作数追加一个数字。为此我们将各类按钮连接到相同的槽（例如digitClicked()），类目有：数字，一元运算符、加减法运算符、乘除法运算符，其他的按钮有他们自己的槽。

    def createButton(self, text, member):
        pass

    def abortOperation(self):
        pass

    def calculate(self, rightOperand, pendingOperator):
        pass

• createButton()函数作为部件构造器的一部分
• abortOperation() 当出现被零除或负数平方根时被调用
• calculate()提供二进制操作（+, -, ×, ÷）

        self.sumInMemory = 0
        self.sumSoFar = 0
        self.factorSoFar = 0
        self.pendingAdditiveOperator = ''
        self.pendingMultiplicativeOperator = ''
        self.waitingForOperand = True

• sumInMemory包含计算器内存中存储的值
• sumSoFar存储目前累积值，当用户点击‘=’，它被重计算并显示出来，清除所有并重置sumSoFar为零
• 当做乘除法时，factorSoFar用来存储临时值
• pendingAdditiveOperator存储用户点击的最终加法操作符
• pendingMultiplicativeOperator存储用户点击的最终乘法操作符
• 当计算器希望用户输入一个操作符时，waitingForOperand为真
  加法和乘法操作符对待不同，是因为他们有不同的优先级，例如1 + 2 ÷ 3可理解为1 + (2 ÷ 3)，因为‘÷’比‘+’优先级高。
  一元运算符（像平发根）不需要特别的操作，当已知运算数并点击运算符按钮时，他们可以立即应用。

---

实现计算器部件类

构造器内，我们初始化计算器状态

        self.sumInMemory = 0.0
        self.sumSoFar = 0.0
        self.factorSoFar = 0.0
        self.pendingAdditiveOperator = ''
        self.pendingMultiplicativeOperator = ''
        self.waitingForOperand = True

        self.display = QLineEdit('0')
        self.display.setReadOnly(True)
        self.display.setAlignment(Qt.AlignRight)
        self.display.setMaxLength(15)

QLineEdit代表计算器的显示，并设置一些它的属性，我们特别设置它为只读。

        self.NumDigitButton = range(10)
        self.digitButton = list(self.NumDigitButton)

        for i in self.NumDigitButton:
            self.digitButton[i] = self.creatButton(str(i), self.digitClicked)

        self.pointButton = self.creatButton('.', self.pointClicked)
        self.changeSignButton = self.creatButton('\302\261', self.changeSignClicked)

        self.backspaceButoon = self.creatButton('BackSpace', self.backspaceClicked)
        self.clearButton = self.creatButton('Clear', self.clear)
        self.clearAllButton = self.creatButton('Clear All', self.clearAll)

        self.clearMemoryButton = self.creatButton('MC', self.clearMemory)
        self.readMemoryButton = self.creatButton('MR', self.readMemory)
        self.setMemoryButton = self.creatButton('MS', self.setMemory)
        self.addToMemoryButton = self.creatButton('M+', self.addToMemory)

        self.divisionButton = self.creatButton('\303\267', self.multiplicativeOperatorClicked)
        self.timesButton = self.creatButton('\303\227', self.multiplicativeOperatorClicked)
        self.minusButton = self.creatButton('-', self.additiveOperatorClicked)
        self.plusButton = self.creatButton('+', self.additiveOperatorClicked)

        self.squrareRootButton = self.creatButton('Sqrt', self.unaryOperatorClicked)
        self.powerButton = self.creatButton('x\302\262', self.unaryOperatorClicked)
        self.reciprocalButton = self.creatButton('1/x', self.unaryOperatorClicked)
        self.equalButton = self.creatButton('=', self.equalClicked)

对每个按钮调用createButton()函数，设置相应的文本标签和按钮对应的槽。

        self.mainLayout = QGridLayout()
        self.mainLayout.setSizeConstraint(QLayout.SetFixedSize)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.display, 0, 0, 1, 6)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.backspaceButoon, 1, 0, 1, 2)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.clearButton, 1, 2, 1, 2)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.clearAllButton, 1, 4, 1, 2)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.clearMemoryButton, 2, 0)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.readMemoryButton, 3, 0)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.setMemoryButton, 4, 0)
        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.addToMemoryButton, 5, 0)

        for i in self.NumDigitButton:
            if i > 0:
                row = ((9 - i) / 3) + 2
                column = ((i - 1) % 3) + 1
                self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.digitButton[i], row, column)

        self.mainLayout.addWidget(self.digitButton[0], 5, 1