今日内容
1. AJAX:
2. JSON
AJAX:
1. 概念: ASynchronous JavaScript And XML 异步的JavaScript 和 XML
1. 异步和同步:客户端和服务器端相互通信的基础上
* 客户端必须等待服务器端的响应。在等待的期间客户端不能做其他操作。
* 客户端不需要等待服务器端的响应。在服务器处理请求的过程中,客户端可以进行其他的操作。
Ajax 是一种在无需重新加载整个网页的情况下,能够更新部分网页的技术。 [1]
通过在后台与服务器进行少量数据交换,Ajax 可以使网页实现异步更新。这意味着可以在不重新加载整个网页的情况下,对网页的某部分进行更新。
传统的网页(不使用 Ajax)如果需要更新内容,必须重载整个网页页面。
提升用户的体验
2. 实现方式:
1. 原生的JS实现方式(了解)
< ! DOCTYPE html>
< html lang= "en" >
< head>
< meta charset= "UTF-8" >
< title> Title< / title>
< script>
function fun ( ) {
var xmlhttp;
if ( window. XMLHttpRequest)
{
xmlhttp= new XMLHttpRequest ( ) ;
}
else
{
xmlhttp= new ActiveXObject ( "Microsoft.XMLHTTP" ) ;
}
xmlhttp. open ( "GET" , "ajaxServlet?username=tom" , true ) ;
xmlhttp. send ( ) ;
xmlhttp. onreadystatechange= function ( )
{
if ( xmlhttp. readyState== 4 && xmlhttp. status== 200 )
{
var responseText = xmlhttp. responseText;
alert ( responseText) ;
}
}
}
< / script>
< / head>
< body>
< input type= "button" value= "发送异步请求" onclick= "fun();" >
< input>
< / body>
< / html>
package cn. itcast. web. servlet;
import javax. servlet. ServletException;
import javax. servlet. annotation. WebServlet;
import javax. servlet. http. HttpServlet;
import javax. servlet. http. HttpServletRequest;
import javax. servlet. http. HttpServletResponse;
import java. io. IOException;
@WebServlet ( "/ajaxServlet" )
public class AjaxServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost ( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username = request. getParameter ( "username" ) ;
System. out. println ( username) ;
response. getWriter ( ) . write ( "hello : " + username) ;
}
protected void doGet ( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this . doPost ( request, response) ;
}
}
2. JQeury实现方式
1. $.ajax()
* 语法:$.ajax({键值对});
< ! DOCTYPE html>
< html lang= "en" >
< head>
< meta charset= "UTF-8" >
< title> Title< / title>
< script src= "js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js" > < / script>
< script>
function fun ( ) {
$. ajax ( {
url: "ajaxServlet1111" ,
type: "POST" ,
data: { "username" : "jack" , "age" : 23 } ,
success: function ( data) {
alert ( data) ;
} ,
error: function ( ) {
alert ( "出错啦..." )
} ,
dataType: "text"
} ) ;
}
< / script>
< / head>
< body>
< input type= "button" value= "发送异步请求" onclick= "fun();" >
< input>
< / body>
< / html>
2. $.get():发送get请求
* 语法:$.get(url, [data], [callback], [type])
* 参数:
* url:请求路径
* data:请求参数
* callback:回调函数
* type:响应结果的类型
function fun ( ) {
$. get ( "ajaxServlet" , { username: "rose" } , function ( data) {
alert ( data) ;
} , "text" ) ;
}
3. $.post():发送post请求
* 语法:$.post(url, [data], [callback], [type])
* 参数:
* url:请求路径
* data:请求参数
* callback:回调函数
* type:响应结果的类型
function fun ( ) {
$. post ( "ajaxServlet" , { username: "rose" } , function ( data) {
alert ( data) ;
} , "text" ) ;
}
JSON:
1. 概念: JavaScript Object Notation JavaScript对象表示法
Person p = new Person();
p.setName("张三");
p.setAge(23);
p.setGender("男");
var p = {"name":"张三","age":23,"gender":"男"};
* json现在多用于存储和交换文本信息的语法
* 进行数据的传输
* JSON 比 XML 更小、更快,更易解析。
2. 语法:
1. 基本规则
* 数据在名称/值对中:json数据是由键值对构成的
* 键用引号(单双都行)引起来,也可以不使用引号
* 值得取值类型:
1. 数字(整数或浮点数)
2. 字符串(在双引号中)
3. 逻辑值(true 或 false)
4. 数组(在方括号中) {"persons":[{},{}]}
5. 对象(在花括号中) {"address":{"province":"陕西"....}}
6. null
* 数据由逗号分隔:多个键值对由逗号分隔
* 花括号保存对象:使用{}定义json 格式
* 方括号保存数组:[]
2. 获取数据:
1. json对象.键名
2. json对象["键名"]
3. 数组对象[索引]
4. 遍历
< ! DOCTYPE html>
< html lang= "en" >
< head>
< meta charset= "UTF-8" >
< title> Title< / title>
< script>
var person = { "name" : "张三" , age: 23 , 'gender' : true } ;
var name = person[ "name" ] ;
var persons = {
"persons" : [
{ "name" : "张三" , "age" : 23 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "李四" , "age" : 24 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "王五" , "age" : 25 , "gender" : false }
]
} ;
var name1 = persons. persons[ 2 ] . name;
var ps = [ { "name" : "张三" , "age" : 23 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "李四" , "age" : 24 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "王五" , "age" : 25 , "gender" : false } ] ;
alert ( ps[ 1 ] . name) ;
< / script>
< / head>
< body>
< / body>
< / html>
< ! DOCTYPE html>
< html lang= "en" >
< head>
< meta charset= "UTF-8" >
< title> Title< / title>
< script>
var person = { "name" : "张三" , age: 23 , 'gender' : true } ;
var ps = [ { "name" : "张三" , "age" : 23 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "李四" , "age" : 24 , "gender" : true } ,
{ "name" : "王五" , "age" : 25 , "gender" : false } ] ;
for ( var i = 0 ; i < ps. length; i++ ) {
var p = ps[ i] ;
for ( var key in p) {
alert ( key+ ":" + p[ key] ) ;
}
}
< / script>
< / head>
< body>
< / body>
< / html>
3. JSON数据和Java对象的相互转换
* JSON解析器:
* 常见的解析器:Jsonlib,Gson,fastjson,jackson
1. JSON转为Java对象
1. 导入jackson的相关jar包
2. 创建Jackson核心对象 ObjectMapper
3. 调用ObjectMapper的相关方法进行转换
1. readValue(json字符串数据,Class)
2. Java对象转换JSON
1. 使用步骤:
1. 导入jackson的相关jar包 ...\web\WEB-INF\lib\jackson-annotations-2.2.3.jar ... 添加到模块
2. 创建Jackson核心对象 ObjectMapper
3. 调用ObjectMapper的相关方法进行转换
1. 转换方法:
* writeValue(参数1,obj):
参数1:
File:将obj对象转换为JSON字符串,并保存到指定的文件中
Writer:将obj对象转换为JSON字符串,并将json数据填充到字符输出流中
OutputStream:将obj对象转换为JSON字符串,并将json数据填充到字节输出流中
* writeValueAsString(obj):将对象转为json字符串
2. 注解:
1. @JsonIgnore:排除属性。
2. @JsonFormat:属性值得格式化
* @JsonFormat(pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd")
3. 复杂java对象转换
1. List:数组
2. Map:对象格式一致
package cn. itcast. domain;
import com. fasterxml. jackson. annotation. JsonFormat;
import java. util. Date;
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age ;
private String gender;
@JsonFormat ( pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd" )
private Date birthday;
public Date getBirthday ( ) {
return birthday;
}
public void setBirthday ( Date birthday) {
this . birthday = birthday;
}
public String getName ( ) {
return name;
}
public void setName ( String name) {
this . name = name;
}
public int getAge ( ) {
return age;
}
public void setAge ( int age) {
this . age = age;
}
public String getGender ( ) {
return gender;
}
public void setGender ( String gender) {
this . gender = gender;
}
@Override
public String toString ( ) {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
", gender='" + gender + '\'' +
'}' ;
}
}
package cn. itcast. test;
import cn. itcast. domain. Person;
import com. fasterxml. jackson. databind. ObjectMapper;
import org. junit. Test;
import java. io. FileWriter;
import java. util. *;
public class JacksonTest {
@Test
public void test1 ( ) throws Exception {
Person p = new Person ( ) ;
p. setName ( "张三" ) ;
p. setAge ( 23 ) ;
p. setGender ( "男" ) ;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper ( ) ;
String json = mapper. writeValueAsString ( p) ;
mapper. writeValue ( new FileWriter ( "d://b.txt" ) , p) ;
}
@Test
public void test2 ( ) throws Exception {
Person p = new Person ( ) ;
p. setName ( "张三" ) ;
p. setAge ( 23 ) ;
p. setGender ( "男" ) ;
p. setBirthday ( new Date ( ) ) ;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper ( ) ;
String json = mapper. writeValueAsString ( p) ;
System. out. println ( json) ;
}
@Test
public void test3 ( ) throws Exception {
Person p = new Person ( ) ;
p. setName ( "张三" ) ;
p. setAge ( 23 ) ;
p. setGender ( "男" ) ;
p. setBirthday ( new Date ( ) ) ;
Person p1 = new Person ( ) ;
p1. setName ( "张三" ) ;
p1. setAge ( 23 ) ;
p1. setGender ( "男" ) ;
p1. setBirthday ( new Date ( ) ) ;
Person p2 = new Person ( ) ;
p2. setName ( "张三" ) ;
p2. setAge ( 23 ) ;
p2. setGender ( "男" ) ;
p2. setBirthday ( new Date ( ) ) ;
List< Person> ps = new ArrayList < Person> ( ) ;
ps. add ( p) ;
ps. add ( p1) ;
ps. add ( p2) ;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper ( ) ;
String json = mapper. writeValueAsString ( ps) ;
System. out. println ( json) ;
}
@Test
public void test4 ( ) throws Exception {
Map< String, Object> map = new HashMap < String, Object> ( ) ;
map. put ( "name" , "张三" ) ;
map. put ( "age" , 23 ) ;
map. put ( "gender" , "男" ) ;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper ( ) ;
String json = mapper. writeValueAsString ( map) ;
System. out. println ( json) ;
}
@Test
public void test5 ( ) throws Exception {
String json = "{\"gender\":\"男\",\"name\":\"张三\",\"age\":23}" ;
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper ( ) ;
Person person = mapper. readValue ( json, Person. class ) ;
System. out. println ( person) ;
}
}
案例:
* 校验用户名是否存在
1. 服务器响应的数据,在客户端使用时,要想当做json数据格式使用。有两种解决方案:
1. $.get(type):将最后一个参数type指定为"json"
2. 在服务器端设置MIME类型
response.setContentType("application/json;charset=utf-8");