直奔主题, Single Thread Execution也称作Critical Section(临界区),范例如下:
public
class
SingleThreadGate {
public
static
void
main(String[] args) {
System.
out
.println(
"ctrl + c to exit."
);
Gate gate =
new
Gate();
new
UserThread(gate,
"Alice"
,
"Alaska"
).start();
new
UserThread(gate,
"Bobby"
,
"Brazil"
).start();
new
UserThread(gate,
"Chris"
,
"Canada"
).start();
}
}
class
Gate{
private
int
count;
private
String name;
private
String address;
public
void
pass(String name, String address){
this
.count++;
this
.name=name;
this
.address=address;
check();
}
public
void
check() {
if
(name.charAt(0) != address.charAt(0)) {
System.
out
.println(
"*******BROKEN *******"
+ toString());
}
}
@Override
public
String toString() {
return
"No."
+ count +
" "
+ name +
", "
+ address;
}
}
class
UserThread extends Thread{
private
Gate gate;
private
String name;
private
String address;
public
UserThread(Gate gate, String name, String address){
this
.gate=gate;
this
.name=name;
this
.address=address;
}
@Override
public
void
run() {
System.
out
.println(name+
":begin->"
);
while
(
true
){
gate.pass(name,address);
Thread.yield();
}
}
}
|
执行之后,会发现ou一很多broken,因为在执行pass的时候成员变量被其他线程改变了,所以判断name和address不一致,另外toString方法也存在同样的问题,执行过程中 name和address也随时被其他线程改变,所以会导致同一条记录的name和address也不一致,结果如下:
ctrl + c to exit. Alice:begin-> Chris:begin-> Bobby:begin-> *******BROKEN *******No.306 Bobby, Brazil *******BROKEN *******No.487 Chris, Canada *******BROKEN *******No.624 Bobby, Brazil *******BROKEN *******No.6956 Bobby, Brazil *******BROKEN *******No.7487 Alice, Canada *******BROKEN *******No.7756 Chris, Alaska *******BROKEN *******No.8010 Alice, Canada *******BROKEN *******No.8288 Bobby, Brazil *******BROKEN *******No.8550 Chris, Alaska *******BROKEN *******No.8910 Bobby, Brazil *******BROKEN *******No.9397 Chris, Alaska *******BROKEN *******No.9715 Bobby, Brazil
那么如何改进呢?将pass方法加上synchronized关键字,这样就不会有任何错误了。不过这还不能保证整个gate类的所有方法都是安全的,当调用toString方法时还是会有同样的name与address不一致的问题,所以在toString方法上也要加上synchronized关键字,那么check方法还需要么?答案是不需要,因为check方法时私有的,外部无法访问,而且check方法是被pass方法调用的,而pass方法已经同步了,一个类中的synchronized关键之都是锁定的同一对象(this),所以不需要二次锁定,浪费性能。
synchnronized关键字也可以理解成把方法变成原子性操作,在java中,基本数据类型(primitive)如int, char, byte等都是原子性操作的,但是long和double则不一定,所以我们想把long和double这类非原子性类型按照原子性方式操作,需要加上关键字volatile,这样就可以了。