数学运算
>>> abs (-2 )
2
>>> divmod(5 ,2 )
(2, 1)
>> divmod(5.5 ,2 )
(2.0 , 1.5 )
max:返回可迭代对象中的元素中的最大值或者所有参数的最大值
>>> max (1 ,2 ,3 ) # 传入3个参数 取3个中较大者
3
>>> max ('1234' ) # 传入1个可迭代对象,取其最大元素值
'4'
>>> max (-1 ,0 ) # 数值默认去数值较大者
0
>>> max (-1 ,0 ,key = abs ) # 传入了求绝对值函数,则参数都会进行求绝对值后再取较大者
-1
min:返回可迭代对象中的元素中的最小值或者所有参数的最小值
>>> min (1 ,2 ,3 ) # 传入3个参数 取3个中较小者
1
>>> min ('1234' ) # 传入1个可迭代对象,取其最小元素值
'1'
>>> min (-1 ,-2 ) # 数值默认去数值较小者
-2
>>> min (-1 ,-2 ,key = abs ) # 传入了求绝对值函数,则参数都会进行求绝对值后再取较小者
-1
pow:返回两个数值的幂运算值或其与指定整数的模值
>>> pow(2 ,3 )
>>> 2 **3
>>> pow(2 ,3 ,5 )
>>> pow(2 ,3 )%5
>>> round (1.1314926 ,1 )
1.1
>>> round (1.1314926 ,5 )
1.13149
sum:对元素类型是数值的可迭代对象中的每个元素求和
>>> sum((1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ))
10
>>> sum((1.5 ,2.5 ,3.5 ,4.5 ))
12.0
>>> sum((1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ),-10 )
类型转换
bool:根据传入的参数的逻辑值创建一个新的布尔值
>>> bool()
False
>>> bool(0 )
False
>>> bool(1 )
True
>>> int () #不传入参数时,得到结果0。
0
>>> int (3 )
3
>>> int (3.6 )
3
>>> float () #不提供参数的时候,返回0.0
0.0
>>> float (3 )
3.0
>>> float ('3' )
3.0
>>> complex()
0j
>>> complex('1+2j' )
(1 +2j )
>>> complex(1 ,2 )
(1 +2j )
>>> str()
''
>>> str(None )
'None'
>>> str('abc' )
'abc'
>>> str(123 )
'123'
bytearray:根据传入的参数创建一个新的字节数组
>>> bytearray('中文','utf-8')
bytearray(b'\xe 4\xb 8\xad \xe 6\x 96\x 87')
bytes:根据传入的参数创建一个新的不可变字节数组
>>> bytes('中文','utf-8')
b'\xe 4\xb 8\xad \xe 6\x 96\x 87'
memoryview:根据传入的参数创建一个新的内存查看对象
>>> v = memoryview(b'abcefg' )
>>> v[1 ]
98
>>> v[-1 ]
103
>>> ord('a' )
97
>>> chr(97 )
'a'
>>> bin(3 )
'0b11'
>>> oct(10 )
'0o12'
>>> hex(15 )
'0xf'
>>> tuple()
()
>>> tuple('121' )
('1' , '2' , '1' )
>>>list ()
[]
>>> list ('abcd' )
['a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ]
>>> dict()
{}
>>> dict(a = 1 ,b = 2 )
{'b' : 2 , 'a' : 1 }
>>> dict(zip(['a' ,'b' ],[1 ,2 ]))
{'b' : 2 , 'a' : 1 }
>>> dict((('a' ,1 ),('b' ,2 )))
{'b' : 2 , 'a' : 1 }
>>>set ()
set ()
>>> a = set (range(10 ))
>>> a
{0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }
rozenset:根据传入的参数创建一个新的不可变集合
>>> a = frozenset(range(10 ))
>>> a
frozenset({0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 })
>>> seasons = ['Spring' , 'Summer' , 'Fall' , 'Winter' ]
>>> list(enumerate(seasons))
[(0 , 'Spring' ), (1 , 'Summer' ), (2 , 'Fall' ), (3 , 'Winter' )]
>>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1 ))
[(1 , 'Spring' ), (2 , 'Summer' ), (3 , 'Fall' ), (4 , 'Winter' )]
range:根据传入的参数创建一个新的range对象
>>> a = range(10 )
>>> b = range(1 ,10 )
>>> c = range(1 ,10 ,3 )
>>> a,b,c
(range(0 , 10 ), range(1 , 10 ), range(1 , 10 , 3 ))
>>> list(a),list(b),list(c)
([0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], [1 , 4 , 7 ])
>>>
>>> a = iter('abcd' )
>>> a
<str_iterator object at 0x03FB4FB0 >
>>> next(a )
'a'
>>> next(a )
'b'
>>> next(a )
'c'
>>> next(a )
'd'
>>> next(a )
Traceback (most recent call last ):
File "<pyshell#29>" , line 1 , in <module>
next(a )
StopIteration
>>> c1 = slice(5 )
>>> c1
slice(None , 5 , None )
>>> c2 = slice(2 ,5 )
>>> c2
slice(2 , 5 , None )
>>> c3 = slice(1 ,10 ,3 )
>>> c3
slice(1 , 10 , 3 )
super:根据传入的参数创建一个新的子类和父类关系的代理对象
>>> class A (object) :
def __init__ (self) :
print('A.__init__' )
>>> class B (A) :
def __init__ (self) :
print('B.__init__' )
super().__init__()
>>> b = B()
B.__init__
A.__init__
>>> a = object()
>>> a .name = 'kim'
Traceback (most recent call last ):
File "<pyshell#9>" , line 1 , in <module>
a .name = 'kim'
AttributeError: 'object' object has no attribute 'name'
序列操作
all:判断可迭代对象的每个元素是否都为True值
>>> all([1 ,2 ])
True
>>> all([0 ,1 ,2 ])
False
>>> all(())
True
>>> all({})
True
any:判断可迭代对象的元素是否有为True值的元素
>>> any([0 ,1 ,2 ])
True
>>> any([0 ,0 ])
False
>>> any([])
False
>>> any({})
False
>>> a = list(range(1 ,10 ))
>>> a
[1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]
>>> def if_odd (x) :
return x%2 ==1
>>> list(filter(if_odd,a))
[1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 ]
map:使用指定方法去作用传入的每个可迭代对象的元素,生成新的可迭代对象
>>> a = map(ord,'abcd' )
>>> a
<map object at 0x03994E50 >
>>> list(a)
[97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]
>>> a = iter('abcd' )
>>> next(a )
'a'
>>> next(a )
'b'
>>> next(a )
'c'
>>> next(a )
'd'
>>> next(a )
Traceback (most recent call last ):
File "<pyshell#18>" , line 1 , in <module>
next(a )
StopIteration
>>> next(a ,'e' )
'e'
>>> next(a ,'e' )
'e'
>>> a = reversed(range(10 ))
>>> a
<range_iterator object at 0x035634E8 >
>>> list(a)
[9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 ]
sorted:对可迭代对象进行排序,返回一个新的列表
>>> a = ['a' ,'b' ,'d' ,'c' ,'B' ,'A' ]
>>> a
['a' , 'b' , 'd' , 'c' , 'B' , 'A' ]
>>> sorted(a) # 默认按字符ascii码排序
['A' , 'B' , 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ]
>>> sorted(a,key = str.lower) # 转换成小写后再排序,'a' 和'A' 值一样,'b' 和'B' 值一样
['a' , 'A' , 'b' , 'B' , 'c' , 'd' ]
zip:聚合传入的每个迭代器中相同位置的元素,返回一个新的元组类型迭代器
>>> x = [1 ,2 ,3 ]
>>> y = [4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ]
>>> list(zip(x,y))
[(1 , 4 ), (2 , 5 ), (3 , 6 )]
对象操作
help:返回对象的帮助信息 dir:返回对象或者当前作用域内的属性列表 id:返回对象的唯一标识符 hash:获取对象的哈希值
>>> hash ('good good study' )
1032709256
type:返回对象的类型,或者根据传入的参数创建一个新的类型
>>> type (1) # 返回对象的类型
<class 'int'>
#使用type函数创建类型D,含有属性InfoD
>>> D = type ('D ',(A ,B ) ,dict(InfoD ='some thing defined in D ') )
>>> d = D ()
>>> d.InfoD
'some thing defined in D'
>>> len ('abcd' )
>>> len (bytes ('abcd' ,'utf-8' ))
>>> len ((1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ))
>>> len ([1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ])
>>> len (range(1 ,5 ))
>>> len ({'a' :1 ,'b' :2 ,'c' :3 ,'d' :4 })
>>> len ({'a' ,'b' ,'c' ,'d' })
>>> len (frozenset('abcd' ))
>>> ascii(1 )
'1'
>>> ascii('&' )
"'&'"
>>> ascii(9000000 )
'9000000'
>>> ascii('中文' )
"'\\u4e2d\\u6587'"
#字符串可以提供的参数 's' None
>>> format ('some string' ,'s' )
'some string'
>>> format ('some string' )
'some string'
#整形数值可以提供的参数有 'b' 'c' 'd' 'o' 'x' 'X' 'n' None
>>> format (3 ,'b' ) #转换成二进制
'11'
>>> format (97 ,'c' ) #转换unicode成字符
'a'
>>> format (11 ,'d' ) #转换成10进制
'11'
>>> format (11 ,'o' ) #转换成8进制
'13'
>>> format (11 ,'x' ) #转换成16进制 小写字母表示
'b'
>>> format (11 ,'X' ) #转换成16进制 大写字母表示
'B'
>>> format (11 ,'n' ) #和d一样
'11'
>>> format (11 ) #默认和d一样
'11'
#浮点数可以提供的参数有 'e' 'E' 'f' 'F' 'g' 'G' 'n' '%' None
>>> format (314159267 ,'e' ) #科学计数法,默认保留6位小数
'3.141593e+08'
>>> format (314159267 ,'0.2e' ) #科学计数法,指定保留2位小数
'3.14e+08'
>>> format (314159267 ,'0.2E' ) #科学计数法,指定保留2位小数,采用大写E表示
'3.14E+08'
>>> format (314159267 ,'f' ) #小数点计数法,默认保留6位小数
'314159267.000000'
>>> format (3.14159267000 ,'f' ) #小数点计数法,默认保留6位小数
'3.141593'
>>> format (3.14159267000 ,'0.8f' ) #小数点计数法,指定保留8位小数
'3.14159267'
>>> format (3.14159267000 ,'0.10f' ) #小数点计数法,指定保留10位小数
'3.1415926700'
>>> format (3.14e+1000000 ,'F' ) #小数点计数法,无穷大转换成大小字母
'INF'
vars:返回当前作用域内的局部变量和其值组成的字典,或者返回对象的属性列表
>>> class A (object) :
pass
>>> a.__dict__
{}
>>> vars(a)
{}
>>> a.name = 'Kim'
>>> a.__dict__
{'name' : 'Kim' }
>>> vars(a)
{'name' : 'Kim' }
反射操作
index = __import__('index' )
index .sayHello()
isinstance:判断对象是否是类或者类型元组中任意类元素的实例
>>> isinstance(1 ,int)
True
>>> isinstance(1 ,str)
False
>>> isinstance(1 ,(int,str))
True
issubclass:判断类是否是另外一个类或者类型元组中任意类元素的子类
>>> issubclass(bool ,int )
True
>>> issubclass(bool ,str )
False
>>> issubclass(bool ,(str ,int ))
True
>>> class Student :
def __init__ (self,name) :
self.name = name
>>> s = Student('Aim' )
>>> hasattr(s,'name' )
True
>>> hasattr(s,'age' )
False
>>> class Student :
def __init__ (self,name) :
self.name = name
>>> getattr(s,'name' )
'Aim'
>>> getattr(s,'age' ,6 )
>>> getattr(s,'age' )
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#17>" , line 1 , in <module>
getattr(s,'age' )
AttributeError: 'Stduent' object has no attribute 'age'
>>> class Student :
def __init__ (self,name) :
self.name = name
>>> a = Student('Kim' )
>>> a.name
'Kim'
>>> setattr(a,'name' ,'Bob' )
>>> a.name
'Bob'
>>> class A :
def __init__ (self,name) :
self.name = name
def sayHello (self) :
print('hello' ,self.name)
>>> a.name
'小麦'
>>> a.sayHello()
hello 小麦
>>> delattr(a,'name' )
>>> a.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#47>" , line 1 , in <module>
a.name
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> class B :
def __call__ (self) :
print('instances are callable now.' )
>>> callable(B)
True
>>> b = B()
>>> callable(b)
True
>>> b()
instances are callable now.
变量操作
globals:返回当前作用域内的全局变量和其值组成的字典
>>> globals()
{'__spec__' : None, '__package__' : None, '__builtins__' : <module 'builtins' (built-in )>, '__name__' : '__main__' , '__doc__' : None, '__loader__' : <class '_frozen_importlib .BuiltinImporter '>}
>>> a = 1
>>> globals()
{'__spec__' : None, '__package__' : None, '__builtins__' : <module 'builtins' (built-in )>, 'a' : 1 , '__name__' : '__main__' , '__doc__' : None, '__loader__' : <class '_frozen_importlib .BuiltinImporter '>}
locals:返回当前作用域内的局部变量和其值组成的字典
>>> def f () :
print('before define a ' )
print(locals())
a = 1
print('after define a' )
print(locals())
>>> f
<function f at 0x03D40588 >
>>> f()
before define a
{}
after define a
{'a' : 1 }
交互模式
>>> print (1 ,2 ,3 )
1 2 3
>>> print (1 ,2 ,3 ,sep = '+' )
1 +2 +3
>>> print (1 ,2 ,3 ,sep = '+' ,end = '=?' )
1 +2 +3 =?
>>> s = input('please input your name:' )
please input your name:Ain
>>> s
'Ain'
文件操作
open:使用指定的模式和编码打开文件,返回文件读写对象
编译执行
compile:将字符串编译为代码或者AST对象,使之能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval进行求值
>>>
>>> code1 = 'for i in range(0,10): print (i)'
>>> compile1 = compile(code1,'' ,'exec' )
>>> exec (compile1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>>>
>>> code2 = '1 + 2 + 3 + 4'
>>> compile2 = compile(code2,'' ,'eval' )
>>> eval(compile2)
10
>>> eval ('1+2+3+4' )
10
>>> exec('a=1+2' )
>>> a
3
repr:返回一个对象的字符串表现形式(给解释器)
>>> a = 'some text'
>>> str(a)
'some text'
>>> repr(a)
"'some text'"
装饰器
>>> class C :
def __init__ (self ):
self ._name = ''
@property
def name(self ):
"" "i'm the 'name' property." ""
return self ._name
@name .setter
def name(self ,value):
if value is None :
raise RuntimeError ('name can not be None' )
else:
self ._name = value
>>> c = C ()
>>> c.name
''
>>> c.name = None
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#84>" , line 1 , in <module >
c.name = None
File "<pyshell#81>" , line 11 , in name
raise RuntimeError ('name can not be None' )
RuntimeError : name can not be None
>>> c.name = 'Kim'
>>> c.name
'Kim'
>>> del c.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#87>" , line 1 , in <module >
del c.name
AttributeError : can't delete attribute
>>> c.name
' Kim '
>>> class C :
@classmethod
def f(cls,arg1) :
print(cls)
print(arg1)
>>> C.f('类对象调用类方法' )
<class '__main__.C' >
类对象调用类方法
>>> c = C()
>>> c.f('类实例对象调用类方法' )
<class '__main__.C' >
类实例对象调用类方法
staticmethod:标示方法为静态方法的装饰器
>>> class Student (object) :
def __init__ (self,name) :
self.name = name
@staticmethod
def sayHello (lang) :
print(lang)
if lang == 'en' :
print('Welcome!' )
else :
print('你好!' )
>>> Student.sayHello('en' )
en
Welcome!
>>> b = Student('Kim' )
>>> b.sayHello('zh' )
zh
你好