用python画简单的图案-如何用Python画各种著名数学图案 | 附图+代码

原标题：如何用Python画各种著名数学图案 | 附图+代码

用Python绘制著名的数学图片或动画，展示数学中的算法魅力。

Mandelbrot 集

代码：46 lines (34 sloc) 1.01 KB

'''

A fast Mandelbrot set wallpaper renderer

reddit discussion: https://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/2abwyt/smooth_colour_mandelbrot/

'''

importnumpy asnp

fromPILimportImage

fromnumba importjit

MAXITERS=200

RADIUS=100

@jit

defcolor(z, i):

v =np.log2(i +1-np.log2(np.log2(abs(z)))) /5

ifv <1.0:

returnv**4, v**2.5, v

else:

v =max(0, 2-v)

returnv, v**1.5, v**3

@jit

defiterate(c):

z =0j

fori inrange(MAXITERS):

ifz.real*z.real +z.imag*z.imag >RADIUS:

returncolor(z, i)

z =z*z +c

return0, 0,0

defmain(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, width, height):

x =np.linspace(xmin, xmax, width)

y =np.linspace(ymax, ymin, height)

z =x[None, :] +y[:, None]*1j

red, green, blue =np.asarray(np.frompyfunc(iterate, 1, 3)(z)).astype(np.float)

img =np.dstack((red, green, blue))

Image.fromarray(np.uint8(img*255)).save('mandelbrot.png')

if__name__=='__main__':

main(-2.1, 0.8, -1.16, 1.16, 1200, 960)

多米诺洗牌算法

代码链接：https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/tree/master/src/domino

正二十面体万花筒

代码：53 lines (40 sloc) 1.24 KB

'''

A kaleidoscope pattern with icosahedral symmetry.

'''

importnumpy asnp

fromPILimportImage

frommatplotlib.colors importhsv_to_rgb

defKlein(z):

'''Klein's j-function'''

return1728*(z *(z**10+11*z**5-1))**5/

(-(z**20+1) +228*(z**15-z**5) -494*z**10)**3

defRiemannSphere(z):

'''

map the complex plane to Riemann's sphere via stereographic projection

'''

t =1+z.real*z.real +z.imag*z.imag

return2*z.real/t, 2*z.imag/t, 2/t-1

defMobius(z):

'''

distort the result image by a mobius transformation

'''

return(z -20)/(3*z +1j)

defmain(imgsize):

x =np.linspace(-6, 6, imgsize)

y =np.linspace(6, -6, imgsize)

z =x[None, :] +y[:, None]*1j

z =RiemannSphere(Klein(Mobius(Klein(z))))

#define colors in hsv space

H =np.sin(z[0]*np.pi)**2

S =np.cos(z[1]*np.pi)**2

V =abs(np.sin(z[2]*np.pi) *np.cos(z[2]*np.pi))**0.2

HSV=np.dstack((H, S, V))

#transform to rgb space

img =hsv_to_rgb(HSV)

Image.fromarray(np.uint8(img*255)).save('kaleidoscope.png')

if__name__=='__main__':

importtime

start =time.time()

main(imgsize=800)

end =time.time()

print('runtime: {:3f}seconds'.format(end -start))

Newton 迭代分形

代码：46 lines (35 sloc) 1.05 KB

importnumpy asnp

importmatplotlib.pyplot asplt

fromnumba importjit

#define functions manually, do not use numpy's poly1d funciton!

@jit('complex64(complex64)', nopython=True)

deff(z):

#z*z*z is faster than z**3

returnz*z*z -1

@jit('complex64(complex64)', nopython=True)

defdf(z):

return3*z*z

@jit('float64(complex64)', nopython=True)

defiterate(z):

num =0

whileabs(f(z)) >1e-4:

w =z -f(z)/df(z)

num +=np.exp(-1/abs(w-z))

z =w

returnnum

defrender(imgsize):

x =np.linspace(-1, 1, imgsize)

y =np.linspace(1, -1, imgsize)

z =x[None, :] +y[:, None] *1j

img =np.frompyfunc(iterate, 1, 1)(z).astype(np.float)

fig =plt.figure(figsize=(imgsize/100.0, imgsize/100.0), dpi=100)

ax =fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1], aspect=1)

ax.axis('off')

ax.imshow(img, cmap='hot')

fig.savefig('newton.png')

if__name__=='__main__':

importtime

start =time.time()

render(imgsize=400)

end =time.time()

print('runtime: {:03f}seconds'.format(end -start))

李代数E8 的根系

代码链接：https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/blob/master/src/misc/e8.py

模群的基本域

代码链接：

https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/blob/master/src/misc/modulargroup.py

彭罗斯铺砌

代码链接：

https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/blob/master/src/misc/penrose.py

Wilson 算法

代码链接：https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/tree/master/src/wilson

反应扩散方程模拟

代码链接：https://github.com/neozhaoliang/pywonderland/tree/master/src/grayscott

120 胞腔

代码：69 lines (48 sloc) 2.18 KB

#pylint: disable=unused-import

#pylint: disable=undefined-variable

fromitertools importcombinations, product

importnumpy asnp

fromvapory import*

classPenrose(object):

GRIDS=[np.exp(2j*np.pi *i /5) fori inrange(5)]

def__init__(self, num_lines, shift, thin_color, fat_color, **config):

self.num_lines =num_lines

self.shift =shift

self.thin_color =thin_color

self.fat_color =fat_color

self.objs =self.compute_pov_objs(**config)

defcompute_pov_objs(self, **config):

objects_pool =[]

forrhombi, color inself.tile():

p1, p2, p3, p4 =rhombi

polygon =Polygon(5, p1, p2, p3, p4, p1,

Texture(Pigment('color', color), config['default']))

objects_pool.append(polygon)

forp, q inzip(rhombi, [p2, p3, p4, p1]):

cylinder =Cylinder(p, q, config['edge_thickness'], config['edge_texture'])

objects_pool.append(cylinder)

forpoint inrhombi:

x, y =point

sphere =Sphere((x, y, 0), config['vertex_size'], config['vertex_texture'])

objects_pool.append(sphere)

returnObject(Union(*objects_pool))

defrhombus(self, r, s, kr, ks):

if(s -r)**2%5==1:

color =self.thin_color

else:

color =self.fat_color

point =(Penrose.GRIDS[r] *(ks -self.shift[s])

-Penrose.GRIDS[s] *(kr -self.shift[r])) *1j/Penrose.GRIDS[s-r].imag

index =[np.ceil((point/grid).real +shift)

forgrid, shift inzip(Penrose.GRIDS, self.shift)]

vertices =[]

forindex[r], index[s] in[(kr, ks), (kr+1, ks), (kr+1, ks+1), (kr, ks+1)]:

vertices.append(np.dot(index, Penrose.GRIDS))

vertices_real =[(z.real, z.imag) forz invertices]

returnvertices_real, color

deftile(self):

forr, s incombinations(range(5), 2):

forkr, ks inproduct(range(-self.num_lines, self.num_lines+1), repeat=2):

yieldself.rhombus(r, s, kr, ks)

defput_objs(self, *args):

returnObject(self.objs, *args)

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