Python处理时空数据常用库案例及练习

本文完整代码、数据集下载、在线运行可以访问这个链接：时空数据Python常用包案例
配套习题与答案可以访问这个链接：时空数据Python常用包案例 - 实操练习题（附答案）

Python处理时空数据会用到如下常用库：

库	作用
GeoPands	geopandas是建立在GEOS、GDAL、PROJ等开源地理空间计算相关框架之上的，类似pandas语法风格的空间数据分析Python库，其目标是尽可能地简化Python中的地理空间数据处理，减少对Arcgis、PostGIS等工具的依赖，使得处理地理空间数据变得更加高效简洁，打造纯Python式的空间数据处理工作流。
Shapely	shapely是一个BSD授权的Python包。是专门做图形计算,用于操作和分析笛卡尔坐标系中的几何对象 ,基本上图形线段，点的判断包里都有，shapely里主要由Point，LineString，Polygon这三类组成。
pyproj	pyproj可以方便地进行坐标转换，包含了地理坐标系、坐标系、ECEF、BLH、ECI，ENU等坐标系，简单易用
Fiona	Fiona可以读和写地理数据文件，从而帮助Python程序员将地理信息系统与其他计算机系统结合起来。Fiona包含连接地理空间数据抽象库（GDAL）的扩展模块。它专注于以标准的Python IO风格读写数据，并依赖于熟悉的Python类型和协议，如文件、字典、映射和迭代器，而不是GDAL的OpenGIS参考实现（OGR）的特定类。
rasterio	Rasterio使用更少的非惯用扩展类和更多的惯用python类型和协议表达gdal的数据模型，同时执行与gdal的python绑定一样快

以下分别罗列这些库的简单示例：

GeoPands

%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from geopandas import GeoSeries, GeoDataFrame, read_file
from shapely.geometry import Point
from pandas import Series

下载纽约市各区的边界数据：Bytes of the Big Apple

boros = read_file('/home/mw/input/st201516189/nybb.shp')

boros.set_index('BoroCode', inplace=True)
boros.sort_index(inplace=True)
boros

	BoroName	Shape_Leng	Shape_Area	geometry
BoroCode
1	Manhattan	358408.460709	6.364467e+08	MULTIPOLYGON (((981219.056 188655.316, 980940....
2	Bronx	464400.198868	1.186973e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1012821.806 229228.265, 101278...
3	Brooklyn	741185.900596	1.937597e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1021176.479 151374.797, 102100...
4	Queens	897040.298576	3.045168e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1029606.077 156073.814, 102957...
5	Staten Island	330466.075042	1.623827e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((970217.022 145643.332, 970227....

boros.reset_index(inplace=True)
boros.set_index('BoroName', inplace=True)
boros

	BoroCode	Shape_Leng	Shape_Area	geometry
BoroName
Manhattan	1	358408.460709	6.364467e+08	MULTIPOLYGON (((981219.056 188655.316, 980940....
Bronx	2	464400.198868	1.186973e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1012821.806 229228.265, 101278...
Brooklyn	3	741185.900596	1.937597e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1021176.479 151374.797, 102100...
Queens	4	897040.298576	3.045168e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1029606.077 156073.814, 102957...
Staten Island	5	330466.075042	1.623827e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((970217.022 145643.332, 970227....

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
boros.plot()

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
boros.plot(alpha=0.0)
boros.geometry.convex_hull.plot()

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
eroded = boros.geometry.buffer(-5280)
boros.plot(alpha=0.0)
eroded.plot()

eroded.area

BoroName
Manhattan        1.128785e+07
Bronx            3.371876e+08
Brooklyn         6.711072e+08
Queens           1.301421e+09
Staten Island    7.263977e+08
dtype: float64

boros.geometry.area

BoroName
Manhattan        6.364464e+08
Bronx            1.186974e+09
Brooklyn         1.937596e+09
Queens           3.045168e+09
Staten Island    1.623829e+09
dtype: float64

inland = 100.0 * eroded.area / boros.geometry.area

boros['inland_fraction'] = inland

boros

	BoroCode	Shape_Leng	Shape_Area	geometry	inland_fraction
BoroName
Manhattan	1	358408.460709	6.364467e+08	MULTIPOLYGON (((981219.056 188655.316, 980940....	1.773574
Bronx	2	464400.198868	1.186973e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1012821.806 229228.265, 101278...	28.407326
Brooklyn	3	741185.900596	1.937597e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1021176.479 151374.797, 102100...	34.636066
Queens	4	897040.298576	3.045168e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1029606.077 156073.814, 102957...	42.737251
Staten Island	5	330466.075042	1.623827e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((970217.022 145643.332, 970227....	44.733620

让我们创建一个正常的pandasSeries，其中包含2010年人口普查中每个区的人口值。

population = Series({
   'Manhattan': 1585873, 'Bronx': 1385108, 'Brooklyn': 2504700,
                     'Queens': 2230722, 'Staten Island': 468730})
population

Manhattan        1585873
Bronx            1385108
Brooklyn         2504700
Queens           2230722
Staten Island     468730
dtype: int64

boros['population'] = population
boros

	BoroCode	Shape_Leng	Shape_Area	geometry	inland_fraction	population
BoroName
Manhattan	1	358408.460709	6.364467e+08	MULTIPOLYGON (((981219.056 188655.316, 980940....	1.773574	1585873
Bronx	2	464400.198868	1.186973e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1012821.806 229228.265, 101278...	28.407326	1385108
Brooklyn	3	741185.900596	1.937597e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1021176.479 151374.797, 102100...	34.636066	2504700
Queens	4	897040.298576	3.045168e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((1029606.077 156073.814, 102957...	42.737251	2230722
Staten Island	5	330466.075042	1.623827e+09	MULTIPOLYGON (((970217.022 145643.332, 970227....	44.733620	468730

boros['pop_density'] = boros['population'] / boros.geometry.area * 5280 ** 2

boros.sort_values('pop_density', ascending=False)

The history saving thread hit an unexpected error (OperationalError('attempt to write a readonly database')).History will not be written to the database.

	BoroCode	Shape_Leng	Shape_Area	geometry</