首先当我们创建.NET5 Web API 程序的时候,会生成下面这个 Program.cs 文件:
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();
}
public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
.ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
{
webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
});
}
这个类包含两个方法:Main 和 CreateHostBuilder
通过Host类调用CreateHostBuilder方法返回一个IHostBuilder对象,那么这个主机对象是什么呢?
Host类实现了IHost接口,用途如下:
- 应用程序配置设置
- 给应用程序添加依赖注入,配置.NET Core本机容器
- 配置日志
Host.cs
Host 是一个静态类,包含了两个方法: CreateDefaultBuilder() 、CreateDefaultBuilder (args)
在下面源码中我将会剖析这两个方法的用途:
public static class Host
{
public static IHostBuilder CreateDefaultBuilder() =>
CreateDefaultBuilder(args: null);
public static IHostBuilder CreateDefaultBuilder(string[] args)
{
var builder = new HostBuilder();
builder.UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
builder.ConfigureHostConfiguration(config =>
{
config.AddEnvironmentVariables(prefix: "DOTNET_");
if (args != null)
{
config.AddCommandLine(args);
}
});
builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
{
IHostEnvironment env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;
bool reloadOnChange = hostingContext.Configuration.GetValue("hostBuilder:reloadConfigOnChange", defaultValue: true);
config.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange);
if (env.IsDevelopment() && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))
{
var appAssembly = Assembly.Load(new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));
if (appAssembly != null)
{
config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true);
}
}
config.AddEnvironmentVariables();
if (args != null)
{
config.AddCommandLine(args);
}
})
.ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>
{
bool isWindows = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);
if (isWindows)
{
logging.AddFilter<EventLogLoggerProvider>(level => level >= LogLevel.Warning);
}
logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
logging.AddConsole();
logging.AddDebug();
logging.AddEventSourceLogger();
if (isWindows)
{
logging.AddEventLog();
}
logging.Configure(options =>
{
options.ActivityTrackingOptions = ActivityTrackingOptions.SpanId
| ActivityTrackingOptions.TraceId
| ActivityTrackingOptions.ParentId;
});
})
.UseDefaultServiceProvider((context, options) =>
{
bool isDevelopment = context.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment();
options.ValidateScopes = isDevelopment;
options.ValidateOnBuild = isDevelopment;
});
return builder;
}
}
首先无参的CreateDefaultBuilder()方法只是通过调用传递null值来调用有参的CreateDefaultBuilder(string[] args)方法。
var builder = new HostBuilder();
CreateDefaultBuilder(string[] args) 方法从创建HostBuilder 类型对象的实例化开始(继承自IHostBuilder),我们可以直接在这个实例上调用Build.Run()方法来启动我们的ASP.NET 主机,但是只是这样调用的话,并没有对我们的主机以及应用程序做配置,那么怎么配置呢?
Host Configuration(主机配置)
builder.UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
这个方法定义了Host 执行的目录,默认是根目录。
应用程序配置(Setting up the app)
builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
{
IHostEnvironment env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;
bool reloadOnChange = hostingContext.Configuration.GetValue("hostBuilder:reloadConfigOnChange", defaultValue: true);
config.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange);
if (env.IsDevelopment() && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))
{
var appAssembly = Assembly.Load(new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));
if (appAssembly != null)
{
config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true);
}
}
config.AddEnvironmentVariables();
if (args != null)
{
config.AddCommandLine(args);
}
});
hostingContext.HostingEnvironment 表示我们在开发或者生产环境下的环境信息。
bool reloadOnChange = hostingContext.Configuration.GetValue("hostBuilder:reloadConfigOnChange", defaultValue: true);
config.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: reloadOnChange);
在程序启动配置时,它会加载我们项目中的appsettings.json及其下面的配置json 文件。通过AddJsonFile()这个方法来实现,这个方法有三个入参:
- Path(string): .json 文件的相对路径位置
- Optional(bool): 指定文件是否是必须的,如果设置为false,那么如果找不到文件则会抛出文件找不到异常。
- ReloadOnchange(bool): 如果设置为true,那么我们改变配置文件,那么应用程序也会随之更改而无需重新启动。
bool reloadOnChange = hostingContext.Configuration.GetValue("hostBuilder:reloadConfigOnChange", defaultValue: true);
这段代码是.NET5 新增的,在之前.net core的应用程序中,reloadOnchange的值始终是ture,至此我们就可以对hostBuilder:reloadConfigOnChange 配置为false;
if (env.IsDevelopment() && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))
{
var appAssembly = Assembly.Load(new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));
if (appAssembly != null)
{
config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true);
}
}
这段程序的作用是如果我们需要加密我们的appsettings.json文件,则可以使用;用法如下:Safe storage of app secrets in development in ASP.NET Core | Microsoft Docs
配置日志(Logging)
.ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>
{
bool isWindows = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);
// IMPORTANT: This needs to be added *before* configuration is loaded, this lets
// the defaults be overridden by the configuration.
if (isWindows)
{
// Default the EventLogLoggerProvider to warning or above
logging.AddFilter<EventLogLoggerProvider>(level => level >= LogLevel.Warning);
}
logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
logging.AddConsole();
logging.AddDebug();
logging.AddEventSourceLogger();
if (isWindows)
{
// Add the EventLogLoggerProvider on windows machines
logging.AddEventLog();
}
logging.Configure(options =>
{
options.ActivityTrackingOptions = ActivityTrackingOptions.SpanId
| ActivityTrackingOptions.TraceId
| ActivityTrackingOptions.ParentId;
});
})
上述代码用来设置应用程序的生成日志;从代码中可以看出如果程序跑在windows环境下,级别是或者高于警告级别的日志将会被输出在控制台,VS输出窗口以及写入系统日志服务。
依赖注入
.UseDefaultServiceProvider((context, options) =>
{
bool isDevelopment = context.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment();
options.ValidateScopes = isDevelopment;
options.ValidateOnBuild = isDevelopment;
});
CreateDefaultBuilder 方法的最后一步是将依赖注入添加到我们的应用程序中。UseDefaultServiceProvider这个方法用来添加.NET 5 或者.NET Core自带的IOC容器。
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