互联网协议 Internet Protocol Suite

互联网分层模型有7层或4层,但5层更容易解释。
  应用层(Application Layer) 越靠近用户
   ↓
  传输层(Transport Layer)   ↓    不同应用 port
   ↓
  网络层(Network Layer)    ↓    不同网络 IP
   ↓
  链接层(Link Layer)      ↓    同一网络 ARP广播 MAC
   ↓
  物理层(Physical Layer)  越靠近硬件  0/1

物理层

  通过光缆、电缆等实体物理方式连接,传输0/1信号。

链接层

  规定一组电信号构成一个数据包,称为“帧”Frame,分为标头head和数据data,标头包含发送者、接收者、数据类型等,固定18个字节,数据包含具体内容,最短46字节最长1500字节,称为以太网协议。
——————————
| Head |  data  |
——————————
  发送者和接收者指的是网卡的发送地址和接收地址,MAC地址,每卡唯一的12个字节。
  定义了MAC地址,后续需要实现机器之间通信,即ARP地址解析协议Address Resolution Protocol,采用广播的方式,通知本网络内的每台机器,解析标头是否一致,一致则接收,不一致则丢弃。

网络层

  链路层人手一包的通信方式低效且不安全,需要实现不同子网络之间的通信,诞生了网络层,同一子网络采用广播方式发送,不同子网络采用路由方式发送,于是产生网络地址IP,网址。
  MAC地址解决子网络网卡之间通信,IP地址定位每个子网络。
  IP分4段,总共4*8=32bits,依据子网掩码分为网络号和主机号。IP数据包包含在MAC数据包中,IP数据包最长65535字节,所以在以太网数据包中需要分割后发送。网络层确实是否在同一个网络,主机号确定哪台机器。若同一网络则走ARP协议,不同网络则走网关。
—————————————————
| MAC Head | IP Head |  data  |
—————————————————

场景 数据
  • 0
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
版本9.2中有什么新功能 完整的RAD Studio 10.2.3东京支持。 SFTP - 添加了新的强加密算法,修复了SSH连接问题。 为TLS 1.3做好准备 - 在官方TLS 1.3发布之后,组件将使用新协议。 实现了为SSL / TLS连接提供根证书的能力。新的SendRootCertificate属性已添加到所有客户端和服务器组件。 添加了使用唯一强加密算法的选项(禁用已知的弱加密算法,密码套件和SSL / TLS协议版本,包括RC4)。新的UseStrongCryptoAlgorithms属性在客户端和服务器组件中实现。 国际域名(IDN)支持被添加到URL解析器中,过时的WinInet函数被新代码替换。 CertificateStore - 添加了为给定证书加载证书链的功能。 HTTP PATCH命令已实现。 SoapMessage - 改进了消息签名和验证性能。XmlCrlfEncode和XmlCrlfDecode方法已被替换。 SMIME - 增加了新的强加密和签名算法。 SMIME - 新的Config属性允许您更改使用的加密算法和其他加密参数。通过更新版本的组件,您可以在验证和解密消息之前获取有关使用的加密算法,签名密钥长度和数字证书的信息。 更新的Encryptor组件允许您从受保护的文件中提取使用的加密算法,密钥长度和其他信息。添加了一组重载方法。 添加了IMAP4 UTF7名称编码。实现的功能允许您将国际邮箱名称与客户端和服务器组件一起使用。 IMAP4客户端 - 添加了对多个未标记的SEARCH响应的支持。 IMAP4客户端 - 从TclImap4MailBoxInfo类中删除了UnseenMessages属性。 更新的OAuth组件允许您在与OAUTH服务器协商时刷新授权令牌并指定自定义请求字段。 BounceChecker - 更新后的组件通过使用正则表达式语法从邮件中提取所有电子邮件地址,分析邮件内容,并指示邮件是否包含未送达报告。 重新命名和重新组织编码器组件的编码/解码方法,以改善界面和可用性。 下载程序,上传程序,MultiDownloader,MultiUploader,NewsChecker - URL_COMPONENTS结构已替换为TclUrlParser类,实现了完整的Unicode支持。 SSH引擎 - 实现了对全局请求处理的支持。
Clever Internet Suite version 9.1 These Internet components give you everything you need to jumpstart your Internet development without any external dependencies. The suite of Internet Components contain over fifty components which are constantly refined and improved. The Clever Internet Suite components allow you to compose and parse messages in MIME format with multiple file attachments, build and send Web Form POST requests and many other features. The SMTP, POP3 and IMAP clients allow you to send and retrieve email messages over the Internet. All server components represent the fully functional multithreaded servers with the ability to customize the connection settings, support the most common protocols extensions. Using the Clever Internet Suite you can add instant SSL / TLS / SSH security to your Internet applications and implement many useful Internet-related features: Downloading, uploading and submitting of the Internet-resources. Sending and receiving e-mail messages with DKIM signatures. HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP and NNTP client / server solutions. secure channel with X509 certificates support. OAUTH 2.0 authorization. SOAP Security and many more. In the new version 9.1 we have updated the MailMessage, SoapMessage and SFtp components, fixed issues in the TLS and cryptography engines. Starting from the version 8.0 the library was splitted on design-time and runtime packages. Starting from now, the components can be used by RAD Studio form designer in 64-bit projects. The basic socket components were replaced and improved. The class inheritance was changed. Please see the Help documentation for more details. The Help documentation is included to the Clever Internet Suite installation and also available at our website: Clever Internet Suite downloads What's new in version 9.1 The full RAD Studio 10.2 and 10.2.1 Tokyo support. MailMessage - RFC 5987 support added, file names in UTF-8 format implemented. New CryptEncoder component - provides methods for data encoding and decoding in PEM and SSH2 cryptographic formats. SFTP client - the public key authorization was implemented, the following new algorithms were added: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 and diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 for key exchange functionality; rsa-sha2-256 - server host key algorithm; aes256-ctr, aes192-ctr, aes128-ctr, aes256-cbc, aes192-cbc ,aes128-cbc - data encryption algorithms; hmac-sha2-256 - for message authentication algorithms; sha2-256 - hash calculation algorithms. DKIM component - the Config property was added. This property allows you to configure the used encryption and signature algorithms. The signature verification is disabled when retrieving the message header. HTTP client - the TLS1.2 option was enabled by default. EPP server - the UTF-8 encoding was added. All TCP-based server components (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, FTP, etc.) - the new CharSet property allows you to specify the desired character encoding for received commands and server responses. All UDP-based client components (DNS query, etc.) - the new CharSet property allows you to specify the desired character encoding transmitted datagrams. HTTP request component - was redesigned, the Items indexed property now represents the HTTP request items collection object. The source code structure was changed. starting from now, the sources are placed in the following folders: common, design, packages, resources and ssh. To compile the source code project, navigate to the packages folder, choose the corresponding IDE version subfolder, e.g., D102 for Delphi 10.2 Tokyo, open and compile both the clinetsuite_102.dproj and dcl_clinetsuite_102.dproj projects. Finally, install dcl_clinetsuite_102.dproj to your RAD Studio IDE. The SSH and SFTP component files were moved to the main clinetsuite package. The clinetsuitessh package was removed from the installation. Implemented Features HTTP RIO component with SOAP Security support. Simple HTTP Server component. Complete Client / Server solutions with full SSL / TLS support for FTP, SMTP, POP3 and IMAP4 protocols. TLS / SSL support for all protocol components. SSH support for the SFTP protocol. Royalty free licensing. Free Unlimited Email support. Fully-indexed help documentation. Delphi and C++Builder demos code. Send / receive HTTP requests in JSON format. International domain names for HTTP components. The ability to verify the client and server credentials and certificates. HTTP Client - HTTPS (SSL / TLS) protocol, NTLM and Negotiate authentication. FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, NNTP clients - three new TLS modes - implicit, explicit and automatic. STARTTLS command support. NTLM authentication for all mail clients was added: POP3, SMTP, IMAP. When the UseSasl option enabled, these components automatically determine and use the most secured authentication method. POP3, SMTP clients - working with GMAIL service with OAUTH 2.0 authorization. Fully functional HTTP / HTTPS client. FTP Client - SSL / TLS support, the ability to set FTP file attributes and permissions were added. FTP FXP (Site to Site) transfer mode. FTP Server - custom events for all operations with files and directories on the server, the possibility to customize all file-related operations including compressing and uncompressing functionality. Virtual File System. Events for implementing the mail sending / receiving progress with the ability to interrupt the process. Creating self-signed certificates, working with any type of certificate store including current user stores, local machine stores, file stores, registry stores and so on. Creating and parsing email messages in any format with file Attachments and Embedded pictures, the ability to determine the attachment size before saving it to the disk. POP3, SMTP, IMAP4 servers - SSL / TLS support, NTLM, APOP and CRAM-MD5 authentication methods, File System message storage. POP3, SMTP and IMAP4 clients - SSL / TLS support, NTLM and CRAM-MD5 authentication methods. Web DAV - manages remote files and folders on a web server. DNS Query - queries a DNS server for records. This component can retrieve the mail exchange domain (MX records), resolve the host IP, retrieve the information about name servers and many other information from the DNS server. DNS Server - implements fully functional DNS server and allows you to both manage handed DNS zones and cache non-authoritative DNS records. SMTP Relay - implements a SMTP Relay agent. With SMTP relay, a mail message may pass through a number of intermediate relay or gateway hosts on its path from sender to recipient. HTML Parser - parse HTML Tags: links, images, tables, meta tags and many more. GZip compressor component - provides compressing / uncompressing feature when transmitting data over the Internet, storing data in to a file, database and many more. RSS client - is used for creating, retrieving, and editing RSS feeds. Email validation components - allow you to validate recipients email addresses, mailbox availability and also handle bounced emails. Trace Logger - provides logging functionality for storing debug information and tracing your code. Also a set of additional classes and components are available: Mail Message, HTTP Request, GZip compressor, MIME Encoder, S/MIME message, HTML Parser. All these components make the application development process easy and clean. You can use these components separately from the main protocol components with any other library and even with your own socket implementation. Please visit our site Clever Components to learn more about our products. Feel free to join our Mail List Subscription at Mail List Subscription and stay tuned. Fixed bugs The HttpAuthorization is not thread-safe - fixed. SFTP file permissions parsing errors were fixed, IsDir file attribute works correctly. Installer runs with errors on Windows XP - fixed. TLS engine - INCOMPLETE_MESSAGE error occurred - fixed. RSA key for RSA-SHA-256 algorithm was imported incorrectly - fixed. SFTP large directory listing errors, the problems with receiving of incloplete SSH packets was fixed. SOAP Signing takes a lot of time - fixed. DKIM - the signature verification should be disabled when retrieving the message header. UDP server and all descendant components: there were issues with starting of listening socket (the server was hanged) - fixed. MailMessage - the message attachments and images lists were not automatically updated in the helper properties (Images, Attachments) when adding or deleting the body from the Bodies collection - fixed. MailMessage - the header fields with mixed encoding style were decoded incorrectly - fixed. DNS Server - some fixes in the server engine. IMAP client - the AppendMessage method did not work with GMail IMAP - fixed. FTP client - the file names with international symbols were obtained incorrectly - fixed. HTTP client - the resource URLs were not escaped - fixed. All HTTP clients (TclHttp, TclWebDav, TclDownloader, TclMultiDownloader, TclNewsChecker, TclWebUpdate) - the components incorrectly provided a list of supported compression algorithms - fixed. FTP server - the directory navigation worked incorrectly in case if the root folder is the root of the disk (e.g, c:\). The connected client cannot get back to the root folder after navigating to a subfolder - fixed. Known problems and restrictions FTP client and server - data connection uses IpV4 protocol only. Socks5 firewall - supports IpV4 only. The HTTP RIO component is available only starting from Delphi 2005 / C++Builder 2006. The SOAP encryption is available only on Win32 platform. The SOAP encryption requires an external library clcryptext.dll that is included to the Clever Internet Suite installation. This library represents managed code that is wrapped by Win32 functions. The source code for this library can be downloaded separately at www.clevercomponents.com website.
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值