Python编程从入门到实践：Web应用程序

qdlxlxyzlxy

已于 2024-04-29 14:17:17 修改

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文章标签： python 前端开发语言

于 2024-04-29 14:17:06 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qdlxlxyzlxy/article/details/138311440

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Python编程从入门到实践项目：Web应用程序

一、整体思维导图

1.整体总结

在这里插入图片描述

2.文件目录架构

在这里插入图片描述

每个应用的目录

在这里插入图片描述

二、django-bootstrap3演示有关地址的设置

bootstrap.py

文件位置：C:\python\learning_log\ll_env\Lib\site-packages\bootstrap3

后续设置样式的时候，代码没有问题，但是不显示效果，经查询是css和js地址需要修改为国内地址，还必须联通网络

--snip--
# Default settings
BOOTSTRAP3_DEFAULTS = {
    "css_url": {
        #"url": "https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1./css/bootstrap.min.css",
        #换成国内地址
        "url": "https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1./css/bootstrap.min.css",
        "integrity": "sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1.+c8xmyTe9GYg1.l9a69psu",
        "crossorigin": "anonymous",
    },
    "theme_url": None,
    "javascript_url": {
        #"url": "https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1./js/bootstrap.min.js",
        #换成国内地址
        "url": "https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.4.1./js/bootstrap.min.js",
        "integrity": "sha384-aJ21.OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd",
        "crossorigin": "anonymous",
    },

三、learning_log文件夹部分文件内容

1.settings.py

--snip--

# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',

    #第三方应用程序
    'bootstrap3',

    #我的应用--- 学习笔记  learning_log,users 两个应用
    'learning_logs',
    'users',
]
--snip--
#我的设置
LOGIN_URL = '/users/login/'

#django-bootstrap3的设置
BOOTSTRAP3 = {
    'include_jquery':True,
}
--snip--

2.urls.py

"""
URL configuration for learning_log project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1.. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1.. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1.. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('users/',include('users.urls',namespace='users')),
    path('',include('learning_logs.urls',namespace='learning_logs')),

]

四、learning_logs文件夹文件内容

1.modes.py

相当于定了数据库中表及其字段信息，是一个类，定义了属性和方法

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

# Create your models here.
class Topic(models.Model):
	"""用户学习的主题"""
	text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
	date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
	owner = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)

	def __str__(self):
		"""返回模型的字符串表示"""
		return self.text

class Entry(models.Model):
	"""学到的有关某个主题的详细内容"""
	#从django1..9开始ForeignKey中on_delete参数是必须的
	topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic,on_delete=models.CASCADE) 
	text = models.TextField()
	date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

	class Meta:
		verbose_name_plural = 'entrie'

	def __str__(self):
		"""返回模型的字符串表示"""
		return self.text[:50]+"..."

2.urls.py

""" 定义learnling_logs的url模式"""
from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'learning_logs'

urlpatterns =[
	# 主页
	path('',views.index,name='index'),

	#显示所有的主题
	path('topics/',views.topics,name='topics'),
	#显示特定主题的详细页面path(r'topics/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$/',views.topic,name='topic'),
	path( 'topics/<int:topic_id>/',views.topic,name='topic'),
	#用于添加新主题的网页
	path('new_topic/',views.new_topic,name='new_topic'),
	#在特定的主题下添加新条目
	path('new_entry/<int:topic_id>/',views.new_entry,name='new_entry'),
	#编辑条目
	path('edit_entry/<int:entry_id>/',views.edit_entry,name='edit_entry'),

]

3、forms.py

只包含一个内嵌的Meta类，他告诉Django根据哪个模型创建表单，以及在表单中包含哪些字段。

from django import forms
from .models import Topic,Entry

class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
	class Meta:
		model = Topic
		fields = ['text']
		labels = {'text':''}

class EntryForm(forms.ModelForm):
	class Meta:
		model = Entry
		fields = ['text']
		labels ={'text':''}
		widgets = { 'text':forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols':80})}

3.views.py

接受请求信息，准备数据处理，并发给浏览器

基本每一个函数代表一个动作

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect,Http404
from django.urls import reverse  #  django.core.urlresolverses django2.0 修改为django.urls
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

from .models import Topic,Entry
from .forms  import TopicForm,EntryForm

# Create your views here.

def index(request):
	""" 学习笔记的主页"""
	return render(request,'learning_logs/index.html')

@login_required
def topics(request):
	"""显示所有的主题"""
	topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
	context = {'topics':topics}
	return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',context)

@login_required
def topic(request,topic_id):
	"""显示特定主题及主题下的所有条目"""
	topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
	#确认请求的主题属于当前用户
	if topic.owner !=request.user:
		raise Http404
	# -表示按降序排列
	entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
	context = {'topic':topic,'entries':entries}
	return render(request,'learning_logs/topic.html',context)

@login_required
def new_topic(request):
	#添加新主题
	if request.method !='POST':
		#未提交数据，创建一个新表单
		form = TopicForm()
	else:
		#POSt提交的数据，对数据进行处理
		form =TopicForm(request.POST)
		if form.is_valid():
			new_topic = form.save(commit=False)
			new_topic.owner = request.user
			new_topic.save()
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))

	context = {'form':form}
	return render(request,'learning_logs/new_topic.html',context)

@login_required
def new_entry(request,topic_id):
	#在特定的主题中添加新条目
	topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)

	if request.method != 'POST':
		#未提交数据，创建一个新表单
		form = EntryForm()
	else:
		#post提交的额数据，对数据进行处理
		form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
		if form.is_valid():
			new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
			new_entry.topic = topic
			new_entry.save()
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',args=[topic_id]))
	context = {'topic':topic,'form':form}
	return render(request,'learning_logs/new_entry.html',context)

@login_required
def edit_entry(request,entry_id):
	"""编辑既有条目"""
	entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
	topic = entry.topic

	#确认请求的主题属于当前用户
	if topic.owner !=request.user:
		raise Http404

	if request.method != 'POST':
		#未提交数据，创建一个新表单
		form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
	else:
		#post提交的额数据，对数据进行处理
		form = EntryForm(instance=entry,data=request.POST)
		if form.is_valid():
			new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
			new_entry.topic = topic
			new_entry.save()
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',args=[topic.id]))
	context = {'entry':entry,'topic':topic,'form':form}
	return render(request,'learning_logs/edit_entry.html',context)

4.下级templates\learning_logs文件夹及相关内容

4.1base.html

模版文件夹，使用bootstrap3设置样式

{% load bootstrap3 %}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
  	<meta charset="utf-8">
  	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
  	<title> 学习笔记--lxy </title>
  	{% bootstrap_css %}
  	{% bootstrap_javascript %}

  </head>

  <body>
  	<!-- Static navbar -->
  	<nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top">
  		<div class="container">

  			<div class="navbar-header">
  				<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed"
  				    data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar"
  				    aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
  				</button>
  				<a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}"> 
  					学习笔记	</a>
  			</div>

  			<div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
  				<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
  					<li><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a></li>
  				</ul>

  				<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
  					{% if user.is_authenticated %}
  					  <li><a> Hello,{{ user.username }}.</a></li>
  					  <li><a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}"> log out </a></li>
  					{% else %}
  					  <li><a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">register</a></li>
  					  <li><a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">log in</a></li>
  					{% endif %}
  				</ul>
  			</div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
  		</div>
  	</nav>
  	<div class="container">

  		<div class="page-header">
  			{% block header %}{% endblock header %}
  		</div>
  		<div>
  			{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
  		</div>
  	</div><!-- /container -->
  </body>
  </html>

4.2index.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block header %}
  <div class="jumbotron">
  	<h1>Track your learning.</h1>
  </div>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}
  <h2>
  	<a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">Register an account </a> to make 
  	your own learning Log,and list the topics you're learning about.
  </h2>
  <h2>
  	Whenever you learn something new about a topic,make an entry 
  	summarizing what you're learned.
  </h2>

{% endblock content %}

4.3topics.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block header %}
  <h1> Topics</h1>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}

  <ul>
  	{% for topic in topics %}
  	   <li>
          <h3>
  	        <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">  {{ topic }} </a>
          </h3>
  	   </li>
  	{% empty %}
  	   <li>No topics have been added yes.</li>
  	{% endfor %}
  </ul>
  
  <h3><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}"> Add a new topic: </a></h3>


{% endblock content %}

4.4topic.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block header %}
  <h2> {{ topic }} </h2>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}

  <p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">  add new entry </a>
  </p>

	{% for entry in entries %}
  	  <div class="panel panel-default">
        <div class="panel-heading">
          <h3>
            {{ entry.date_added|date:'M d,Y h:i' }} 
            <small>
              <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}"> edit entry</a>
            </small>
          </h3>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body">
          {{ entry.text|linebreaks }}
        </div>
      </div> <!-- panel -->
  	{% empty %}
  	   There are no entries for this topic.
  {% endfor %}

{% endblock content %}

4.4new_topic.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% load bootstrap3 %}

{% block header %}
  <h2> Add a new topic:</h2>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}

  <form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic'%}" method="POST" class="form">
    {% csrf_token %}   
    {% bootstrap_form form %}

    {% buttons %}
      <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">add topic </button>
    {% endbuttons %}
  </form>


{% endblock content %}

4.5new_entry.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% load bootstrap3 %}

{% block header %}
  <h2><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">  {{ topic }} </a></h2>
  <h2> Add a new entry:</h2>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}
  
  <form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}" method="POST" class="form">
    {% csrf_token %}   
    {% bootstrap_form form %}

    {% buttons %}
      <button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">add entry </button>
    {% endbuttons %}
  </form>


{% endblock content %}

4.6edit_entry.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}
  
  <p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">  {{ topic }} </a></p>
  <p>Edit Entry:</p>

  <form action="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}" method="POST">
    {% csrf_token %}   
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">save changes</button>
  </form>


{% endblock content %}

五、users文件夹下相关内容

1.urls.py

""" 为users应用程序定义url模式"""
from django.urls import path
#使用django提供的默认登录视图
from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
from . import views

app_name = 'users'
LoginView.template_name='users/login.html'

urlpatterns = [
	#登录页面
	path('login/',LoginView.as_view(),name='login'),
	#注销页面
	path('logout/',views.logout_view,name='logout'),
	#注册页面
	path('register/',views.register,name='register'),
]

2.views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import  HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse  #  django.core.urlresolverses django2.0 修改为django.urls 
from django.contrib.auth import logout,login,authenticate
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm

# Create your views here.

def logout_view(request):
	"""注销用户"""
	logout(request)
	return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))

def register(request):
	"""注册新用户"""
	if request.method != 'POST':
		#显示空的注册表单
		form = UserCreationForm()
	else:
		#处理填写的表单
		form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST)

		if form.is_valid():
			new_user =form.save()
			#让用户自动登录，并重定向到主页
			authenticated_user = authenticate(username =new_user.username,password=request.POST['password1'])
			login(request,authenticated_user)
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
	context={'form':form}
	return render(request,'users/register.html',context)

3.templates\users文件夹下相关文件

3.1login.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% load bootstrap3 %}

{% block header %}
  <h2> Log in to your account.</h2>
{% endblock header %}

{% block content %}

  {% if form.errors %}
    <p> Your username or password didn't match .Please try  again. </p>
  {% endif%}

  <form  method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}" class="form">
  	{% csrf_token %}
    {% bootstrap_form form %}

    {% buttons %}
  	<button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary"> log in </button>
    {% endbuttons %}

  	<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
  </form>

{% endblock content %}

3.2register.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}


  <form  method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
  	{% csrf_token %}
  	{{ form.as_p }}

  	<button name="submit"> register</button>
  	<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
  </form>

{% endblock content %}

}
{% bootstrap_form form %}

{% buttons %}
<button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary"> log in </button>
{% endbuttons %}

<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />

{% endblock content %}


#### 3.2register.html

```html
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}


  <form  method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
  	{% csrf_token %}
  	{{ form.as_p }}

  	<button name="submit"> register</button>
  	<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
  </form>

{% endblock content %}