QEMU运行ARM Linux内核
安装必要工具
主机环境：Ubuntu 20.04.6 x86_64
sudo apt install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch
sudo apt install qemu qemu-system-arm qemu-user-static
sudo apt install libncurses5-dev build-essential bison flex libssl-dev
获取BusyBox和Kernel源码
目标版本：busybox 1.36 + linux kernel 5.15
# BusyBox
wget https://www.busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.36.1.tar.bz2 && tar xf busybox-1.36.1.tar.bz2
# Linux Kernel
wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.15.151.tar.xz && tar xf linux-5.15.151.tar.xz
构建最小根文件系统
$ cd busybox
$ export ARCH=arm
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-
$ make menuconfig # Settings -> Build static binary(no shared libs)
$ make install
编译完成后，在busybox根目录下会有一个_install目录，该目录是最小文件系统需要的一些命令集合。
Tips：这里需要确认编译出的busybox是ARM架构的，否则后边Qemu会启动失败。
$ file _install/bin/busybox
_install/bin/busybox: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, EABI5 version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=23bb5eaf067eb46b0d52c4a30b04cebe2eecdac9, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, stripped
但仅有这些还不够，还需要创建Linux启动所需的一些关键文件/目录。
# 把`_install`目录移动到Kernel根目录下
$ mv /path/to/busybox/_install /path/to/linux-5.15.151/
$ cd linux-5.15.151/_install/
$ mkdir -p etc/init.d dev mnt
$ touch etc/init.d/rcS
$ cat <<EOF > etc/init.d/rcS
mkdir -p /proc
mkdir -p /tmp
mkdir -p /sys
mkdir -p /mnt
/bin/mount -a
mkdir -p /dev/pts
mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
mdev -s
EOF
$ chmod +x etc/init.d/rcS
$ touch etc/fstab
$ cat <<EOF > etc/fstab
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev tmpfs defaults 0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0
EOF
$ touch etc/inittab
$ cat <<EOF > etc/inittab
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::respawn:-/bin/sh
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
EOF
$ sudo mknod dev/null c 1 3
$ sudo mknod dev/console c 5 1
至此，最小根文件系统就制作好啦。
编译Kernel
$ cd /path/to/linux-5.15.151/
$ export ARCH=arm
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-
# 配置内核
$ make vexpress_defconfig
$ make menuconfig
# 1. General Setup -> Initramfs source file(s) 填入 '_install'
# 2. Boot Options -> Default kernel command string 清空
# 3. Kernel Feature -> Memory split 选择 '3G/1G user/kernel split'
# 4. Kernel Feature 勾选 High Memory Support
# 在 make menuconfig结束，可以查看.config文件，确认包含下面配置项：
# CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE="_install"
# CONFIG_CMDLINE=""
# CONFIG_VMSPLIT_3G=y
# CONFIG_HIGHMEM=y
# Tips： 把配置保存下来，这样后面就不用重复配置了
$ make ARCH=arm savedefconfig
$ cp defconfig arch/arm/configs/vexpress_defconfig
# 编译内核
$ make bzImage -j4 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-
$ make dtbs
运行QEMU
运行QEMU来模拟4核Cortex-A9的Versatile Express开发平台
$ cd /path/to/linux-5.15.151/
$ qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp 4 -m 1024M -kernel arch/arm/boot/zImage -append "rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0 loglevel=8" -dtb arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb -nographic
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 5.15.151 (it@it-ThinkPad) (arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) 9.4.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34) #1 SMP Sat Aug 24 17:43:16 CST 2024
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision 0 (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9
Memory policy: Data cache writealloc
Reserved memory: created DMA memory pool at 0x4c000000, size 8 MiB
OF: reserved mem: initialized node vram@4c000000, compatible id shared-dma-pool
cma: Reserved 16 MiB at 0x9f000000
Zone ranges:
Normal [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000008fffffff]
HighMem [mem 0x0000000090000000-0x000000009fffffff]
Movable zone start for each node
Early memory node ranges
node 0: [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000009fffffff]
Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000009fffffff]
percpu: Embedded 15 pages/cpu s30284 r8192 d22964 u61440
pcpu-alloc: s30284 r8192 d22964 u61440 alloc=15*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0 [0] 1 [0] 2 [0] 3
Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 260608
Kernel command line: rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0 loglevel=8
printk: log_buf_len individual max cpu contribution: 4096 bytes
printk: log_buf_len total cpu_extra contributions: 12288 bytes
printk: log_buf_len min size: 16384 bytes
printk: log_buf_len: 32768 bytes
printk: early log buf free: 14924(91%)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
Memory: 1009676K/1048576K available (8192K kernel code, 592K rwdata, 1820K rodata, 2048K init, 168K bss, 22516K reserved, 16384K cma-reserved, 245760K highmem)
SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=4, Nodes=1
trace event string verifier disabled
rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
rcu: RCU event tracing is enabled.
rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 10 jiffies.
NR_IRQS: 16, nr_irqs: 16, preallocated irqs: 16
L2C: platform modifies aux control register: 0x02020000 -> 0x02420000
L2C: DT/platform modifies aux control register: 0x02020000 -> 0x02420000
L2C-310 enabling early BRESP for Cortex-A9
L2C-310 full line of zeros enabled for Cortex-A9
L2C-310 dynamic clock gating disabled, standby mode disabled
L2C-310 cache controller enabled, 8 ways, 128 kB
L2C-310: CACHE_ID 0x410000c8, AUX_CTRL 0x46420001
sched_clock: 32 bits at 24MHz, resolution 41ns, wraps every 89478484971ns
clocksource: arm,sp804: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275 ns
smp_twd: clock not found -2
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Calibrating local timer... 99.83MHz.
Calibrating delay loop... 498.89 BogoMIPS (lpj=2494464)
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
CPU0: Spectre v2: using BPIALL workaround
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
CPU0: thread -1, cpu 0, socket 0, mpidr 80000000
Setting up static identity map for 0x60100000 - 0x60100060
rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
CPU1: thread -1, cpu 1, socket 0, mpidr 80000001
CPU1: Spectre v2: using BPIALL workaround
CPU2: thread -1, cpu 2, socket 0, mpidr 80000002
CPU2: Spectre v2: using BPIALL workaround
CPU3: thread -1, cpu 3, socket 0, mpidr 80000003
CPU3: Spectre v2: using BPIALL workaround
smp: Brought up 1 node, 4 CPUs
SMP: Total of 4 processors activated (1857.94 BogoMIPS).
CPU: All CPU(s) started in SVC mode.
devtmpfs: initialized
VFP support v0.3: implementor 41 architecture 3 part 30 variant 9 rev 0
clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
futex hash table entries: 1024 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
DMA: preallocated 256 KiB pool for atomic coherent allocations
cpuidle: using governor ladder
hw-breakpoint: debug architecture 0x4 unsupported.
Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
irq: type mismatch, failed to map hwirq-75 for interrupt-controller@1e001000!
SCSI subsystem initialized
libata version 3.00 loaded.
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
PTP clock support registered
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
clocksource: Switched to clocksource arm,sp804
NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
IP idents hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
UDP hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
UDP-Lite hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
hw perfevents: enabled with armv7_cortex_a9 PMU driver, 5 counters available
workingset: timestamp_bits=30 max_order=18 bucket_order=0
squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
jffs2: version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
9p: Installing v9fs 9p2000 file system support
bounce: pool size: 64 pages
io scheduler mq-deadline registered
io scheduler kyber registered
sii902x 0-0060: supply iovcc not found, using dummy regulator
sii902x 0-0060: supply cvcc12 not found, using dummy regulator
physmap-flash 40000000.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x40000000-0x43ffffff]
40000000.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
Using buffer write method
erase region 0: offset=0x0,size=0x40000,blocks=256
physmap-flash 40000000.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x44000000-0x47ffffff]
40000000.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
Using buffer write method
erase region 0: offset=0x0,size=0x40000,blocks=256
Concatenating MTD devices:
(0): "40000000.flash"
(1): "40000000.flash"
into device "40000000.flash"
physmap-flash 48000000.psram: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x48000000-0x49ffffff]
smsc911x 4e000000.ethernet eth0: MAC Address: 52:54:00:12:34:56
isp1760 4f000000.usb: isp1760 bus width: 32, oc: digital
isp1760 4f000000.usb: NXP ISP1760 USB Host Controller
isp1760 4f000000.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
isp1760 4f000000.usb: Scratch test failed. 0x00000000
isp1760 4f000000.usb: can't setup: -19
isp1760 4f000000.usb: USB bus 1 deregistered
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: USB HID core driver
NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
9pnet: Installing 9P2000 support
Registering SWP/SWPB emulation handler
aaci-pl041 10004000.aaci: ARM AC'97 Interface PL041 rev0 at 0x10004000, irq 32
aaci-pl041 10004000.aaci: FIFO 512 entries
mmci-pl18x 10005000.mmci: Got CD GPIO
mmci-pl18x 10005000.mmci: Got WP GPIO
10009000.uart: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x10009000 (irq = 37, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
mmci-pl18x 10005000.mmci: mmc0: PL181 manf 41 rev0 at 0x10005000 irq 33,34 (pio)
printk: console [ttyAMA0] enabled
1000a000.uart: ttyAMA1 at MMIO 0x1000a000 (irq = 38, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
1000b000.uart: ttyAMA2 at MMIO 0x1000b000 (irq = 39, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
1000c000.uart: ttyAMA3 at MMIO 0x1000c000 (irq = 40, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
rtc-pl031 10017000.rtc: registered as rtc0
rtc-pl031 10017000.rtc: setting system clock to 2024-08-24T09:58:14 UTC (1724493494)
amba 10020000.clcd: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 0-0039
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: DVI muxed to daughterboard 1 (core tile) CLCD
input: AT Raw Set 2 keyboard as /devices/platform/bus@40000000/bus@40000000:motherboard-bus@40000000/bus@40000000:motherboard-bus@40000000:iofpga@7,00000000/10006000.kmi/serio0/input/input0
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: initializing Versatile Express PL111
sii902x 0-0039: supply iovcc not found, using dummy regulator
sii902x 0-0039: supply cvcc12 not found, using dummy regulator
i2c i2c-0: Added multiplexed i2c bus 2
drm-clcd-pl111 1001f000.clcd: assigned reserved memory node vram@4c000000
drm-clcd-pl111 1001f000.clcd: using device-specific reserved memory
drm-clcd-pl111 1001f000.clcd: core tile graphics present
drm-clcd-pl111 1001f000.clcd: this device will be deactivated
drm-clcd-pl111 1001f000.clcd: Versatile Express init failed - -19
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: DVI muxed to daughterboard 1 (core tile) CLCD
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: initializing Versatile Express PL111
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: found bridge on endpoint 0
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: Using non-panel bridge
[drm] Initialized pl111 1.0.0 20170317 for 10020000.clcd on minor 0
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 128x48
drm-clcd-pl111 10020000.clcd: [drm] fb0: pl111drmfb frame buffer device
ALSA device list:
#0: ARM AC'97 Interface PL041 rev0 at 0x10004000, irq 32
Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 2048K
Run /linuxrc as init process
with arguments:
/linuxrc
with environment:
HOME=/
TERM=linux
input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as /devices/platform/bus@40000000/bus@40000000:motherboard-bus@40000000/bus@40000000:motherboard-bus@40000000:iofpga@7,00000000/10007000.kmi/serio1/input/input2
mount: mounting debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug failed: No such file or directory
/etc/init.d/rcS: line 8: can't create /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug: nonexistent directory
Please press Enter to activate this console.
~ #
~ # ls
bin etc mnt sbin tmp
dev linuxrc proc sys usr
~ # cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 0 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 498.89
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpd32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xc09
CPU revision : 0
processor : 1
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 0 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 484.14
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpd32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xc09
CPU revision : 0
processor : 2
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 0 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 373.55
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpd32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xc09
CPU revision : 0
processor : 3
model name : ARMv7 Processor rev 0 (v7l)
BogoMIPS : 501.35
Features : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpd32
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant : 0x0
CPU part : 0xc09
CPU revision : 0
Hardware : ARM-Versatile Express
Revision : 0000
Serial : 0000000000000000
~ #
在Ubuntu另一个终端中输入killall qemu-system-arm，即可关闭QEMU平台。
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