这是一份关于如何在POSIX操作系统上成功、高效、可移植地编程串行端口的指南。内容涵盖串行通信的基础知识，如RS-232标准，以及访问和配置串行端口，与MODEM通信，高级串行编程，包括使用SELECT系统调用进行输入选择等。
转自：http://www.easysw.com/~mike/serial/serial.html
Serial Programming Guide
for
POSIX Operating Systems
5th Edition, 6th Revision
Copyright 1994-2005 by Michael R. Sweet
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in Appendix C, GNU Free Documentation License.
Table of Contents
Introduction Chapter 1, Basics of Serial Communications
- What Are Serial Communications?
- What Is RS-232?
- Asynchronous Communications
- Synchronous Communications
- Accessing Serial Ports
Introduction
The Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Operating Systems will teach you how to successfully, efficiently, and portably program the serial ports on your UNIX® workstation or PC. Each chapter provides programming examples that use the POSIX (Portable Standard for UNIX) terminal control functions and should work with very few modifications under IRIX®, HP-UX, SunOS®, Solaris®, Digital UNIX®, Linux®, and most other UNIX operating systems. The biggest difference between operating systems that you will find is the filenames used for serial port device and lock files.
License
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in Appendix C, GNU Free Documentation License.
Organization
This guide is organized into the following chapters and appendices:
Chapter 1, Basics of Serial Communications
This chapter introduces serial communications, RS-232 and other standards that are used on most computers as well as how to access a serial port from a C program.
What Are Serial Communications?
Computers transfer information (data) one or more bits at a time. Serial refers to the transfer of data one bit at a time. Serial communications include most network devices, keyboards, mice, MODEMs, and terminals.
When doing serial communications each word (i.e. byte or character) of data you send or receive is sent one bit at a time. Each bit is either on or off.The terms you'll hear sometimes are mark for the on state and space for the off state.
The speed of the serial data is most often expressed as bits-per-second ("bps") or baudot rate ("baud"). This just represents the number of ones and zeroes that can be sent in one second. Back at the dawn of the computer age, 300 baud was considered fast, but today computers can handle RS-232 speeds as high as 430,800 baud! When the baud rate exceeds 1,000, you'll usually see the rate shown in kilo baud, or kbps (e.g. 9.6k, 19.2k, etc). For rates above 1,000,000 that rate is shown in megabaud, or Mbps (e.g. 1.5Mbps).
When referring to serial devices or ports, they are either labeled as Data Communications Equipment ("DCE") or Data Terminal Equipment ("DTE"). The difference between these is simple - every signal pair, like transmit and receive, is swapped. When connecting two DTE or two DCE interfaces together, a serial null-MODEM cable or adapter is used that swaps the signal pairs.
What Is RS-232?
RS-232 is a standard electrical interface for serial communications defined by the Electronic Industries Association ("EIA"). RS-232 actually comes in 3 different flavors (A, B, and C) with each one defining a different voltage range for the on and off levels. The most commonly used variety is RS-232C, which defines a mark (on) bit as a voltage between -3V and -12V and a space (off) bit as a voltage between +3V and +12V. The RS-232C specification says these signals can go about 25 feet (8m) before they become unusable. You can usually send signals a bit farther than this as long as the baud is low enough.
Besides wires for incoming and outgoing data, there are others that provide timing, status, and handshaking:
| Pin | Description | Pin | Description | Pin | Description | Pin | Description | Pin | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Earth Ground | 6 | DSR - Data Set Ready | 11 | Unassigned | 16 | Secondary RXD | 21 | Signal Quality Detect |
| 2 | TXD - Transmitted Data | 7 | GND - Logic Ground | 12 | Secondary DCD | 17 | Receiver Clock | 22 | Ring Detect |
| 3 | RXD - Received Data | 8 | DCD - Data Carrier Detect | 13 | Secondary CTS | 18 | Unassigned | 23 | Data Rate Select |
| 4 | RTS - Request To Send | 9 | Reserved | 14 | Secondary TXD | 19 | Secondary RTS | 24 | Transmit Clock |
| 5 | CTS - Clear To Send | 10 | Reserved | 15 | Transmit Clock | 20 | DTR - Data Terminal Ready | 25 | Unassigned |
Two standards for serial interfaces you may also see are RS-422 and RS-574. RS-422 uses lower voltages and differential signals to allow cable lengths up to about 1000ft (300m). RS-574 defines the 9-pin PC serial connector and voltages.
Signal Definitions
The RS-232 standard defines some 18 different signals for serial communications. Of these, only six are generally available in the UNIX environment.
GND - Logic Ground
Technically the logic ground is not a signal, but without it none of the other signals will operate. Basically, the logic ground acts as a reference voltage so that the electronics know which voltages are positive or negative.
TXD - Transmitted Data
The TXD signal carries data transmitted from your workstation to the computer or device on the other end (like a MODEM). A mark voltage is interpreted as a value of 1, while a space voltage is interpreted as a value of 0.
RXD - Received Data
The RXD signal carries data transmitted from the computer or device on the other end to your workstation. Like TXD, mark and space voltages are interpreted as 1 and 0, respectively.
DCD - Data Carrier Detect
The DCD signal is received from the computer or device on the other end of your serial cable. A space voltage on this signal line indicates that the computer or device is currently connected or on line. DCD is not always used or available.
DTR - Data Terminal Ready
The DTR signal is generated by your workstation and tells the computer or device on the other end that you are ready (a space voltage) or not-ready (a mark voltage). DTR is usually enabled automatically whenever you open the serial interface on the workstation.
CTS - Clear To Send
The CTS signal is received from the other end of the serial cable. A space voltage indicates that it is alright to send more serial data from your workstation.
CTS is usually used to regulate the flow of serial data from your workstation to the other end.
RTS - Request To Send
The RTS signal is set to the space voltage by your workstation to indicate that more data is ready to be sent.
Like CTS, RTS helps to regulate the flow of data between your workstation and the computer or device on the other end of the serial cable. Most workstations leave this signal set to the space voltage all the time.
Asynchronous Communications
For the computer to understand the serial data coming into it, it needs some way to determine where one character ends and the next begins. This guide deals exclusively with asynchronous serial data.
In asynchronous mode the serial data line stays in the mark (1) state until a character is transmitted. A start bit preceeds each character and is followed immediately by each bit in the character, an optional parity bit, and one or more stop bits. The start bit is always a space (0) and tells the computer that new serial data is available. Data can be sent or received at any time, thus the name asynchronous.
Figure 1 - Asynchronous Data Transmission
The optional parity bit is a simple sum of the data bits indicating whether or not the data contains an even or odd number of 1 bits. With even parity, the parity bit is 0 if there is an even number of 1's in the character. With odd parity, the parity bit is 0 if there is an odd number of 1's in the data. You may also hear the terms space parity, mark parity, and no parity. Space parity means that the parity bit is always 0, while mark parity means the bit is always 1. No parity means that no parity bit is present or transmitted.
The remaining bits are called stop bits. There can be 1, 1.5, or 2 stop bits between characters and they always have a value of 1. Stop bits traditionally were used to give the computer time to process the previous character, but now only serve to synchronize the receiving computer to the incoming characters.
Asynchronous data formats are usually expressed as "8N1", "7E1", and so forth. These stand for "8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit" and "7 data bits, even parity, 1 stop bit" respectively.
What Are Full Duplex and Half Duplex?
Full duplex means that the computer can send and receive data
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