map 自定义键值类型【c++】

众所周知，map底层是一棵RBTree,主要是通过key值比较来插入。同时，map在STL中也是一个模板类，key值可以是任意类型。但是key值是自定义类型，该如何比较。

首先，看下map的定义：

template < class Key,                                   //map::key_tpe
           class T,                                     //map::mapped_type
           class Compare = less<Key>,                   //map::key_compare
           class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>  //map::allocator_type
           > class map;

1. 第一个参数存储了key值
2. 第二个参数存储了value值
3. 第三个参数是比较函数的类对象，用它来判断两个key值大小，并返回bool类型结果。默认值是less<Key>。定义如下:

   template <class T> 
   struct less {
     bool operator() (const T& x, const T& y) const {return x < y;}
     typedef T first_argument_type;
     typedef T second_argument_type;
     typedef bool result_type;
   };
   

4. 第四个参数是用来定义map的内存分配器

由此可以看出，自定义key值比较肯定与第三个参数有关。

1.对less<key>模板类进行特化，特化为绝对类型

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Stone {
public:
	Stone() = default;
	Stone(string name, int weight) :m_name(name), m_weight(weight) {}

	string m_name;
	int m_weight;
};


template<>
struct less<Stone> {
public:
	// 函数const限定修饰符一定不要丢，必须和less<Key> 模板类保持一致
	bool operator()(const Stone& t1, const Stone& t2) const {
		cout << "less<Stone> is called" << endl;
		if (t1.m_weight == t2.m_weight)
		{
			return t1.m_name.length() < t2.m_name.length();
		}
		return t1.m_weight < t2.m_weight;
	}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	map<Stone, size_t> stones;
	stones[Stone("Jade", 888)] = 1;
	stones[Stone("CommonStone", 22)] = 3;
	stones[Stone("Griotte", 66)] = 5;

	for (auto& iter : stones)
	{
		cout << iter.first.m_name << ","
			<< iter.first.m_weight << ","
			<< iter.second << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

2.利用仿函数功能std::function,可以对任何可调用的目标实体（包括普通函数、Lambda表达式、函数指针、类静态函数以及其他函数对象等）进行安全封装。

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <functional>

using namespace std;

class Stone {
public:
	Stone() = default;
	Stone(string name, int weight) :m_name(name), m_weight(weight) {}

	string m_name;
	int m_weight;
};

bool Compare(const Stone& t1, const Stone& t2)
{
	cout << " funciton Compare is called" << endl;
	if (t1.m_weight == t2.m_weight)
	{
		return t1.m_name.length() < t2.m_name.length();
	}
	return t1.m_weight < t2.m_weight;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	map < Stone, size_t, std::function<bool(const Stone& t1, const Stone& t2)> > stones(Compare);
	stones[Stone("Jade", 888)] = 1;
	stones[Stone("CommonStone", 22)] = 3;
	stones[Stone("Griotte", 66)] = 5;

	for (auto& iter : stones)
	{
		cout << iter.first.m_name << ","
			<< iter.first.m_weight << ","
			<< iter.second << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

3.最简单的方法，将less<key>模板类示例化，重载operator()函数

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>


using namespace std;

class Stone {
public:
	Stone() = default;
	Stone(string name, int weight) :m_name(name), m_weight(weight) {}

	string m_name;
	int m_weight;
};

struct CompareClass {
public:
	// 函数const限定修饰符一定不要丢，必须和less<Key> 模板类保持一致
	bool operator()(const Stone& t1, const Stone& t2) const {
		cout << "CompareClass is called" << endl;
		if (t1.m_weight == t2.m_weight)
		{
			return t1.m_name.length() < t2.m_name.length();
		}
		return t1.m_weight < t2.m_weight;
	}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	map < Stone, size_t,  CompareClass> stones;
	stones[Stone("Jade", 888)] = 1;
	stones[Stone("CommonStone", 22)] = 3;
	stones[Stone("Griotte", 66)] = 5;

	for (auto& iter : stones)
	{
		cout << iter.first.m_name << ","
			<< iter.first.m_weight << ","
			<< iter.second << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

当然，还有最最最简单的方法——在自定义对象中重载operator<()运算符

c++11标准里，比较两个对象肯定要用到operator<()运算符，我们直接重载它就可以进行比较

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Stone {
public:
	Stone() = default;
	Stone(string name, int weight) :m_name(name), m_weight(weight) {}

	string m_name;
	int m_weight;
	bool operator<(const Stone& lvalue) const 
	{
		cout << "operator<() is called" << endl;
		if (this->m_weight == lvalue.m_weight)
		{
			return this->m_name.length() < lvalue.m_name.length();
		}
		return this->m_weight < lvalue.m_weight;
	}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	map < Stone, size_t> stones;
	stones[Stone("Jade", 888)] = 1;
	stones[Stone("CommonStone", 22)] = 3;
	stones[Stone("Griotte", 66)] = 5;

	for (auto& iter : stones)
	{
		cout << iter.first.m_name << ","
			<< iter.first.m_weight << ","
			<< iter.second << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}