C++学习之路（一）

此篇博文为C++学习之路第一篇，如前所述，我们的资料主要依据《C++ Primer Plus》这本书，顺序也基本按照书中的理解；欢迎大家指正交流！

using name space;

std::cout std::endl 名称空间std 

short的范围是【-32768,32767】 unsigned short范围【0,65535】注意上下溢出

cout.setf(ios_base::fixed,ios_base::floatfield);         //setf()主要用来修改结果的显示方式

ios_base::fixed是设置cout为定点输出格式

ios_base::floatfield是设置输出时按浮点格式，小数点后有6位数字；注意float类型表示有效位数的能力有限

int yamcosts[3]={20,30,5};  定义数组大小为3并初始化值，如果没有初始化则元素值将是不确定的，值是以前驻留在该内存中的值。

sizeof单位是字节

float hotelTips[5]={5.0,2.5}; 其他三个被自动设置为0
short things[]={1,5,3,8}; 自动计算有几个成员元素；

char dog[5]={'b','e','a','u','x'};           不是字符串

char cat[5]={'f','a','t','s','\0'};              是字符串，要有空字符

char fish[]="Bubbles";            字符串常量

char shirt_size='S'            'S'=83

char shirt_size="S"            非法，“S”实际表示字符串所在的内存地址

字符串自动拼接

cout<<"I'd give my right ar"

"m to be a great violinist.\n";

// strings.cpp -- storing strings in an array
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>  // for the strlen() function
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	const int Size = 15;
	char name1[Size];               // empty array
	char name2[Size] = "C++owboy";  // initialized array
	// NOTE: some implementations may require the static keyword
	// to initialize the array name2

	cout << "Howdy! I'm " << name2;
	cout << "! What's your name?\n";
	cin >> name1;
	cout << "Well, " << name1 << ", your name has ";
	cout << strlen(name1) << " letters and is stored\n";      //空字符不计入
	cout << "in an array of " << sizeof(name1) << " bytes.\n";
	cout << "Your initial is " << name1[0] << ".\n";
	name2[3] = '\0';                // 使用\0截短字符串 后面其实还有其他字符
	cout << "Here are the first 3 characters of my name: ";
	cout << name2 << endl;
	system("pause");   //暂停为了能够方便查看结果，不然程序运行太快
	return 0;
}

运行结果：

// instr1.cpp -- reading more than one string
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	const int ArSize = 20;
	char name[ArSize];
	char dessert[ArSize];

	cout << "Enter your name:\n";
	cin >> name;
	cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
	cin >> dessert;
	cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
	cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

另外一种结果：

Zhang留在输入队列当中，Jack被输入到数组当中；在队列中搜索时发现了Zhang，所以将其输入到dessert数组中；

// instr2.cpp -- reading more than one word with getline
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	const int ArSize = 20;
	char name[ArSize];
	char dessert[ArSize];

	cout << "Enter your name:\n";
	cin.getline(name, ArSize);  // reads through newline
	cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
	cin.getline(dessert, ArSize);
	cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
	cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

getline每次读取一行，通过换行符来确定行尾，但不保留换行符，本例中最多存储19个字符，最后一位要自动保存为空字符；

cin.get(name,ArSize);

cin.get();           //避免无法读取第二行，因为换行符被留在输入队列中

cin.get(dessert,ArSize);

// instr3.cpp -- reading more than one word with get() & get()
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	const int ArSize = 20;
	char name[ArSize];
	char dessert[ArSize];

	cout << "Enter your name:\n";
	cin.get(name, ArSize).get();    // read string, newline 避免只读到换行符而无法读取第二行 get保留换行符
	cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
	cin.get(dessert, ArSize);
	cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
	cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

混合模式下：换行符的问题

// numstr.cpp -- following number input with line input
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "What year was your house built?\n";
	int year;
	cin >> year;
	cin.get();              //(cin >> year).get();如果没有这一步则address就没有机会被输入，cin会因为保留在队列中的换行符而以为address为空行
	cout << "What is its street address?\n";
	char address[80];
	cin.getline(address, 80);
	cout << "Year built: " << year << endl;
	cout << "Address: " << address << endl;
	cout << "Done!\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

string使用：

// strtype1.cpp -- using the C++ string class
#include <iostream>
#include <string>               // make string class available
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char charr1[20];            // create an empty array
	char charr2[20] = "jaguar"; // create an initialized array
	string str1;                // create an empty string object
	string str2 = "panther";    // create an initialized string

	cout << "Enter a kind of feline: ";
	cin >> charr1;
	cout << "Enter another kind of feline: ";
	cin >> str1;                // use cin for input
	cout << "Here are some felines:\n";
	cout << charr1 << " " << charr2 << " "
		<< str1 << " " << str2 // use cout for output
		<< endl;
	cout << "The third letter in " << charr2 << " is "          //数组
		<< charr2[2] << endl;
	cout << "The third letter in " << str2 << " is "
		<< str2[2] << endl;    // use array notation        //字符串访问
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

不能将一个数组赋给另一个数组，但是可以将一个string对象赋给另一个string对象；

string对象间操作：

// strtype2.cpp -- assigning, adding, and appending
#include <iostream>
#include <string>               // make string class available
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	string s1 = "penguin";
	string s2, s3;

	cout << "You can assign one string object to another: s2 = s1\n";
	s2 = s1;
	cout << "s1: " << s1 << ", s2: " << s2 << endl;
	cout << "You can assign a C-style string to a string object.\n";
	cout << "s2 = \"buzzard\"\n";        //转义表示双引号
	s2 = "buzzard";
	cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl;
	cout << "You can concatenate strings: s3 = s1 + s2\n";
	s3 = s1 + s2;
	cout << "s3: " << s3 << endl;
	cout << "You can append strings.\n";
	s1 += s2;
	cout << "s1 += s2 yields s1 = " << s1 << endl;
	s2 += " for a day";
	cout << "s2 += \" for a day\" yields s2 = " << s2 << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果：

string类的其他操作：

// strtype3.cpp -- more string class features
#include <iostream>
#include <string>               // make string class available
#include <cstring>              // C-style string library
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char charr1[20];
	char charr2[20] = "jaguar";
	string str1;
	string str2 = "panther";

	// assignment for string objects and character arrays
	str1 = str2;                // copy str2 to str2        使用字符串类
	strcpy_s(charr1, charr2);     // copy charr2 to charr1  对应字符数组 使用C字符串函数

	// appending for string objects and character arrays
	str1 += " paste";           // add paste to end of str1
	strcat_s(charr1, " juice");   // add juice to end of charr1  对应字符数组

	// finding the length of a string object and a C-style string
	int len1 = str1.size();     // obtain length of str1         <strong>字符串</strong>
	int len2 = strlen(charr1);  // obtain length of charr1       <strong>字符数组</strong>

	cout << "The string " << str1 << " contains "
		<< len1 << " characters.\n";
	cout << "The string " << charr1 << " contains "
		<< len2 << " characters.\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

下面这段代码需要特别留意一下！

// strtype4.cpp -- line input
#include <iostream>
#include <string>               // make string class available
#include <cstring>              // C-style string library
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char charr[20];
	string str;          //自动调整

	cout << "Length of string in charr before input: "
		<< <strong>strlen(charr) </strong><< endl;             //我理解为内存中原来保存到大小
	cout << "Length of string in str before input: "
		<< <strong>str.size()</strong> << endl;                //string类自动将未被初始化的对象长度设置为0
	cout << "Enter a line of text:\n";
	cin.getline(charr, 20);     // indicate maximum length  getline不包括换行符
	cout << "You entered: " << charr << endl;
	cout << "Enter another line of text:\n";
	getline(cin, str);          // cin now an argument; no length specifier
	cout << "You entered: " << str << endl;
	cout << "Length of string in charr after input: "
		<< strlen(charr) << endl;
	cout << "Length of string in str after input: "
		<< str.size() << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

 

声明结构体并使用结构体：struct 

// structur.cpp -- a simple structure
#include <stdafx.h>
#include <iostream>

struct inflatable   // structure declaration结构体定义
{
	char name[20];   //字符数组
	float volume;
	double price;
};

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	inflatable guest =      //可以理解为实例化？
	{
		"Glorious Gloria",  // name value 逗号分隔
		1.88,               // volume value
		29.99               // price value
	};  // guest is a structure variable of type inflatable
	// It's initialized to the indicated values
	inflatable pal =
	{
		"Audacious Arthur",
		3.12,
		32.99
	};  // pal is a second variable of type inflatable
	// NOTE: some implementations require using
	// static inflatable guest =

	cout << "Expand your guest list with " << guest.name;
	cout << " and " << pal.name << "!\n";
	// pal.name is the name member of the pal variable
	cout << "You can have both for $";
	cout << guest.price + pal.price << "!\n";
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

对应的输出结果：