请求与响应
请求信息
请求
浏览器在发送请求的时候,会发送具体的请求信息,由请求行,请求消息头,请求正文
请求消息头 self.request
向服务器传递附加信息
Accept: 浏览器可以接受的MIME类型。
Accept-Charset: 浏览器支持的字符集,如gbk,utf-8
Accept-Encoding: 浏览器能够解码的数据压缩方式, 如:gzip
Accept-language: 所希望的语言
Host:请求的主机和端口
User-Agent:通知服务器,浏览器类型.
Content-Length:表示请求消息正文的长度
Connection:表示是否需要持久连接(Keep-alive)
Cookie:这是最重要的请求头信息之一(会话有关)
请求行
请求行,位于第一行,包含内容为:
Method: 一般为 GET 或者 POST
Path-to-resource:请求的资源的URI
Http/Version-number:客户端使用的协议的版本,有HTTP/1.0和HTTP/1.1
请求正文
请求具体内容,比如:URL中传入的参数,form表单里面的内容等等
响应信息
响应信息
响应信息为服务器的处理结果。主要包含:响应行,响应消息头,响应正文
响应行
响应行主要报错如下信息:
Http/Version-number:服务器用的协议版本
Statuscode:响应码。代表服务器处理的结果的一种表示,常用的响应码有:
200:正常
302/307:重定向
304:服务器的资源没有被修改
404:请求的资源不存在
500:服务器报错了
message:响应码描述。例如200的描述为OK
响应头
Server: 通知客户端,服务器的类型
Content-Encoding:响应正文的压缩编码方式。常用的是gzip
Content-Length:通知客户端响应正文的数据大小
Content-Type:通知客户端响应正文的MIME类型
Content-Disposition:通知客户端,以下载的方式打开资源
响应正文
具体的响应内容,如html,JavaScript 等数据内容
设置响应头
设置给定响应头set_header
class SetHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('set_header')
self.set_header('aaa','111')
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class SetHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('set_header')
self.set_header('aaa','111')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/set',SetHandler),
],
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
页面F12
Aaa: 111
Date: Sun, 12 Aug 2018 04:26:25 GMT
Etag: "f72ba2c63c4104b8ff75a4cca808742285b73105"
Server: TornadoServer/5.1
添加给定响应头add_header
add_header 可以向响应头里面添加信息,而且是可以出现相同信息
class AddHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('add_header')
self.add_header('aaa','222')
self.add_header('aaa', '2223')
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class AddHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('add_header')
self.add_header('aaa','222')
self.add_header('aaa', '2223')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/add',AddHandler)
],
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
页面F12
Aaa: 222
Aaa: 2223
Date: Sun, 12 Aug 2018 04:24:11 GMT
Etag: "13f1ea7c5874d3adfb58a29519138f45e1a67875"
Server: TornadoServer/5.1
撤销给定响应头clear_header
clear_header 可以撤销给定的响应头信息
class ClearHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('clear_header')
self.add_header('aab','222')
self.add_header('aabc', '2223')
self.clear_header('aab')
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class ClearHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('clear_header')
self.add_header('aab','222')
self.add_header('aabc', '2223')
self.clear_header('aab')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/clear',ClearHandler),
],
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
页面F12
Aabc: 2223
Date: Sun, 12 Aug 2018 04:41:17 GMT
Etag: "89bbdd1f25cadfb072aebaa88bbc1457df7c0be2"
Server: TornadoServer/5.1
发送错误码
发送错误码到浏览器send_error
send_error 可以将指定的 HTTP 错误码发送到浏览器
class SendHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('send_header')
self.send_error(404)
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class SendHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('send_header')
self.send_error(404)
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/send',SendHandler),
],
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
class SendHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('send_header')
# self.flush()
self.send_error(404)
使用 send_error 时需要注意:
如果已经执行了 flush,则不能再执行 send_error,
因为该方法将简单地终止响应
如果输出已写入但尚未刷新,则将其丢弃并替换为错误页面
实现自定义错误页面 write_error
send_error 在其底层调用的是 write_error
因此只要重写此方法,就可以实现自定义的的错误页面
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
self.write('status_code: %s' % status_code)
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class SendHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('send_header')
self.send_error(404)
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
self.render('error.html')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/send',SendHandler),
],
template_path = 'template',
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
error.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
路由没找到
您访问的页面不存在
<img src="https://ss3.bdstatic.com/70cFv8Sh_Q1YnxGkpoWK1HF6hhy/it/u=1424326754,4004839403&fm=27&gp=0.jpg" alt="">
</body>
</body>
</html>
未定义路由处理
class NotFoundHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.send_error(404)
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
self.render('error.html')
#路由
(r'/(.*)',NotFoundHandler),
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('hello')
class SetHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('set_header')
self.set_header('aaa','111')
class NotFoundHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.send_error(404)
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
self.render('error.html')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/',IndexHandler),
(r'/set',SetHandler),
(r'/(.*)',NotFoundHandler),
],
template_path = 'template',
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
注意:需要把此路由放到路由表的最后面
通过这种方式,可以让返回自定义的错误页面
设置状态码set_status
class StatusHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('set_status')
self.set_status(200,'haha')
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class StatusHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('set_status')
self.set_status(200,'haha')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/status',StatusHandler),
],
template_path = 'template',
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
页面F12
Request URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/status
Request Method: GET
Status Code: 200 haha
Remote Address: 127.0.0.1:8000
Referrer Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
请求处理过程
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.options
import tornado.httpserver
from tornado.options import define,options
define('port',default=8000,type=int,help='port')
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def set_default_headers(self):
print(' ---set_default_headers---:设置header')
def initialize(self):
print(' ---initialize---:初始化')
def prepare(self):
print(' ---prepare---:准备工作')
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write(' ---get---:处理get请求' + '<br>')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write(' ---post---:处理post请求' + '<br>')
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
print(' ---write_error---:处理错误')
def on_finish(self):
print(' ---on_finish---:结束,释放资源')
application = tornado.web.Application(
handlers=[
(r'/main',MainHandler),
],
template_path = 'template',
debug = True
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tornado.options.parse_command_line()
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(options.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()