C++多态之继承5-继承和访问说明符(public ,protected, private)

之前关于继承的文章，我们总是将类的数据成员设置为公有的(public),这么做只是为了使例子更简单易懂。本文中，我们将讨论在继承的过程中，访问说明符所扮演的角色，同时也会讲到C++中的不同种类的继承。

关于这点，之前我们已经看过私有(private)和公有(public)访问说明符，这些说明符能够决定谁能访问类的成员。简单会议下，公有成员能在任何地方被访问。私有成员只能被同一个类的成员函数访问。请注意这意味着派生类不能访问基类的私有成员！

class Base
{
private:
    int m_nPrivate; // can only be accessed by Base member functions (not derived classes)
public:
    int m_nPublic; // can be accessed by anybody
};

当处理继承类时，事情变得有点复杂了。

首先，有第三种访问说明符：protected。请仔细看下面的代码：

class Base
{
public:
    int m_nPublic; // can be accessed by anybody
private:
    int m_nPrivate; // can only be accessed by Base member functions (but not derived classes)
protected:
    int m_nProtected; // can be accessed by Base member functions, or derived classes.
};
 
class Derived: public Base
{
public:
    Derived()
    {
        // Derived's access to Base members is not influenced by the type of inheritance used,
        // so the following is always true:
 
        m_nPublic = 1; // allowed: can access public base members from derived class
        m_nPrivate = 2; // not allowed: can not access private base members from derived class
        m_nProtected = 3; // allowed: can access protected base members from derived class
    }
};
 
int main()
{
    Base cBase;
    cBase.m_nPublic = 1; // allowed: can access public members from outside class
    cBase.m_nPrivate = 2; // not allowed: can not access private members from outside class
    cBase.m_nProtected = 3; // not allowed: can not access protected members from outside class
}

第二点，当一个派生类继承于基类时，访问说明符可能会因为继承方式而改变。因为有3中继承方式：public，private，protected。

// Inherit from Base publicly
class Pub: public Base
{
};
 
// Inherit from Base privately
class Pri: private Base
{
};
 
// Inherit from Base protectedly
class Pro: protected Base
{
};
 
class Def: Base // Defaults to private inheritance
{
};

如果你不指定一种继承方式，那么C++默认指定为private继承。

这给了我们9种组合：3中成员访问说明符(public，private，protected)，3中继承方式（public，private，protected）。

下面我将尽力解释它们之间的区别，不过在开始之前，我们的脑子里应该明白：有三种方法来访问成员

1.一个类总是能访问它自己的成员，不管访问说明符是什么。

2.公有访问类的成员要看类的访问说明符。

3.一个派生类访问从基类那继承来的成员要看基类的访问说明符。

通过下面的实例，我想大家能更加明白。

Public 继承

公有继承是使用的最广泛的继承方式。事实上，很少使用其他方式的继承，所有我们首要的任务就是理解这种继承方式。当公有继承一个基类，基类所有的成员将维持它们原有的访问说明符。私有成员还是私有，公有成员还是公有，受保护的成员还是受保护。

class Base
{
public:
    int m_nPublic;
private:
    int m_nPrivate;
protected:
    int m_n