c++多线程编程初探

一 多线程和多进程的区别

http://blog.csdn.net/hairetz/article/details/4281931

多进程就是跑了一个main函数，直到结束

多线程就是在跑这个进程的过程中，把一条河流截成很多条小溪，可以相互通信，共享变量等。

二 多线程例子

1 hello thread

C++11 新标准中引入了五个头文件来支持多线程编程，它们分别是 <atomic>, <thread>, <mutex>, <condition_variable> 和 <future>。

<atomic>：该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag，另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。

<thread>：该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类，另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。

<mutex>：该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(Mutex)相关的类，包括 std::mutex_* 一系列类，std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。

<condition_variable>：该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类，包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。

<future>：该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类，以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类，另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数，std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread>   // std::thread

void thread_task() {
    std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    std::thread t(thread_task);
    t.join();

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

2 获取线程id

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread>   // std::thread

void foo()
{
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
    std::thread t1(foo);
    std::thread::id t1_id = t1.get_id();

    std::thread t2(foo);
    std::thread::id t2_id = t2.get_id();

    std::cout << "t1's id: " << t1_id << '\n';
    std::cout << "t2's id: " << t2_id << '\n';

    t1.join();
    t2.join();
}

3 join: Join 线程，调用该函数会阻塞当前线程，直到由 *this 所标示的线程执行完毕 join 才返回（这里是等待子线程结束）。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread>   // std::thread

void foo()
{
    // simulate expensive operation
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

void bar()
{
    // simulate expensive operation
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}

int main()
{
    std::cout << "starting first helper...\n";
    std::thread helper1(foo);

    std::cout << "starting second helper...\n";
    std::thread helper2(bar);

    std::cout << "waiting for helpers to finish..." << std::endl;
    helper1.join();
    helper2.join();

    std::cout << "done!\n";
}

4 mutex

可以去掉这个m.lock和m.unlock看效果

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread>   // std::thread
#include <mutex>          // std::mutex

volatile int counter(0); // non-atomic counter
std::mutex mtx;           // locks access to counter

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>

std::mutex m;//you can use std::lock_guard if you want to be exception safe
int i = 0;

void makeACallFromPhoneBooth()
{
    m.lock();//可以去掉这个和m.unlock看效果
    //man happily talks to his wife from now....
    std::cout << i << " Hello Wife" << std::endl;
    i++;//no other thread can access variable i until m.unlock() is called
    //...until now, with no interruption from other men
    m.unlock();//man lets go of the door handle and unlocks the door
}

int main()
{
    //This is the main crowd of people uninterested in making a phone call

    //man1 leaves the crowd to go to the phone booth
    std::thread man1(makeACallFromPhoneBooth);
    //Although man2 appears to start second, there's a good chance he might
    //reach the phone booth before man1
    std::thread man2(makeACallFromPhoneBooth);
    //And hey, man3 also joined the race to the booth
    std::thread man3(makeACallFromPhoneBooth);

    man1.join();//man1 finished his phone call and joins the crowd
    man2.join();//man2 finished his phone call and joins the crowd
    man3.join();//man3 finished his phone call and joins the crowd
    return 0;
}

参考：
1 https://github.com/forhappy/Cplusplus-Concurrency-In-Practice
2 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4989451/mutex-example-tutorial
3 http://blog.csdn.net/hairetz/article/details/4281931